What Is Phototropism

You placed your favorite plant on a sunny windowsill. Soon, you notice the plant bending toward the window instead of growing straight upward. What in the world is this plant doing  and why is it doing this? What Is Phototropism? The phenomenon you are witnessing is called phototropism. For a hint on what this word means, note that the prefix photo means light, and the suffix tropism means turning. So, phototropism is when plants turn or bend toward light. Why Do Plants Experience Phototropism? Plants need light to stimulate the production of energy; this process is called photosynthesis. The light generated from the sun or from other sources is needed, along with water and carbon dioxide, to produce sugars for the plant to use as energy. Oxygen is also produced, and many life-forms require this for respiration. Phototropism is likely a survival mechanism adopted by plants so that they can get as much light as possible. When plant leaves open toward light, more photosynthesis can take place, allowing for more energy to be generated. How Did Early Scientists Explain Phototropism? Early opinions on the cause of phototropism varied among scientists. Theophrastus (371 B.C.-287 B.C.) believed that phototropism was caused by the removal of fluid from the illuminated side of the plants stem, and Francis Bacon (1561-1626) later postulated that phototropism was due to wilting. Robert Sharrock (1630-1684) believed plants curved in response to fresh air, and John Ray (1628-1705) thought plants leaned toward the cooler temperatures nearer to the window. It was up to Charles Darwin (1809-1882) to conduct the first relevant experiments regarding phototropism. He hypothesized that a substance produced in the tip induced the curvature of the plant. Using test plants, Darwin experimented by covering the tips of some plants and leaving others uncovered. The plants with covered tips did not bend toward light. When he covered a lower part of the plant stems but left the tips exposed to the light, those plants moved toward the light. Darwin did not know what the substance produced in the tip was or how it caused the plant stem to bend. However, Nikolai Cholodny and Frits Went found in 1926 that when high levels of this substance moved to the shaded side of a plant stem, that stem would bend and curve so that the tip would move toward the light. The exact chemical composition of the substance, found to be the first identified plant hormone, was not elucidated until Kenneth Thimann (1904-1977) isolated and identified it as indole-3-acetic acid, or auxin. How Does Phototropism Work? The current thought on the mechanism behind phototropism is as follows. Light, at a wavelength of around 450 nanometers (blue/violet light), illuminates a plant. A protein called a photoreceptor catches the light, reacts to it and triggers a response. The group of blue-light photoreceptor proteins responsible for phototrophism are called phototropins. It is not clear exactly how phototropins signal the movement of auxin, but it is known that auxin moves to the darker, shaded side of the stem in response to the light exposure. Auxin stimulates the release of hydrogen ions in the cells in the shaded side of the stem, which cause the pH of the cells to decrease. The decrease in pH activates enzymes  (called expansins), which cause the cells to swell and lead  the stem to bend toward the light. Fun Facts About Phototropism If you have a plant experiencing phototropism in a window, try turning the plant in the opposite direction, so that the plant is bending away from the light. It takes only about eight hours for the plant to turn back toward the light.Some plants grow away from light, a phenomenon called negative phototropism. (Actually, plant roots experience this; roots certainly dont grow toward light.  Another word for what they are experiencing is gravitropism---bending toward a gravitational pull.)Photonasty might sound like a picture of something yucky, but it is not. It is similar to phototropism in that it involves the movement of a plant due to light stimulus, but in photonasty, the movement is not toward the light stimulus, but in a predetermined direction. The movement is determined by the plant itself, not by the light. An example of photonasty is the opening and closing of leaves or flowers, due to the presence or absence of light.

Comparison of Online and Offline Retail Environment of Car...

The offline retail environment of the automobile industry is that of manufacture to intermediary to consumer. The process from which the product (car) proceeds from manufacturer to consumer is that of through the automobile dealer. This intermediary batch purchases a number of models from the manufacturer and sells them from the ‘lot’ or storefront. This placement and presentation of the product has proved largely successful. The tangible product is viewed, test driven and purchased from the intermediary. An advantage of the offline retail environment is that of the face to face (F2F) transaction environment. The purchase of a car requires high involvement between the supplier and consumer and can be argued demands a customer†¦show more content†¦Rather than solely online companies, who may only offer ghost storefronts with no inventory and little reputation to defend. (Pitta, Franzak Fowler 2006) Value creation has been described as the difference between the amount that the consumer is willing to pay for a product and the costs of providing the product. Value can also be added to the product through outside or support (Porter, 1985) activities such as brand awareness, speed of delivery, after sales service. Resource Based View (RBV) theorists argue that information technology (IT) resources can be used today in an online environment to enable a firm to improve efficiency regardless of whether mimicked by competitors, or may yield performance impacts unique to a firm relative to its’ competitors.† (Melville, Kraemer Gurbaxani 2004) A major factor in RBV and enhancing value creation better than a company’s competitors is that of competitive heterogeneity. This refers to enduring and systematic performance differences among relatively close rivals. (Hoopes, Madsen Walker, 2003) Resources are the tangible and intangible assets of a firm that can be used in the value creation process and the RBV consists of six conditions necessary for a firm to confer a sustainable competitive advantage (Melville, Kraemer Gurbaxani 2004) and are as follows. A valuable resource can be tangible and intangible; it is aShow MoreRelatedBarnes and Noble Strategic Audit6762 Words   |  28 PagesAnalysis: Barnes Noble Executive Summary Barnes Noble is a key player in the Book Retail Industry. This mature industry has been experiencing slow growth over the last several years, much slower than overall retail sales. Barriers to entry into this industry are quite high, and suppliers have modest influence over booksellers. The introduction of the Internet has brought about many changes to this industry. It has increased rivalry, buyer power, and substitutes. Spending time surfing theRead MoreeCommerce Developments and Themes10793 Words   |  44 Pages(more powerful selling environment) 5. Is interactive (can simulate face-to-face experience on global scale) 6. Increases information density 7. Permits personalization/customization Types of E-commerce Classified by nature of market relationship B2C B2B C2C Involves online businesses attempting to reach individual consumers Involves businesses focusing on selling to other businesses Provides a way for consumers to sell to each other, with the help of an online market maker Many typesRead MoreThe Impact of the Internet on Market Structure8084 Words   |  33 Pageschallenging. Furthermore, as the Internet impacts industries in several ways simultaneously, we find that simply analyzing the effect of the Internet on pricing behavior and price dispersion misses the point that whole industries are being transformed, which clearly affects the pricing power and possibilities of individual firms. 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Hence, the company has taken on the roles both of tour operator and travel agencies. The company owns; besides expedia.com; websites such as hotels.com, hotwire, TripAdvisor and now also venere.com. The web-based mega-agency is the world’s largest online travel group by a wide margin and we will have a closerRead MoreExpedia, Marketing Strategy5964 Words   |  24 Pages offering everything from flights, accommodations, car rentals, cruises to travel packages, thus encouraging customers to use their facilities to book the requisite services for an entire trip. Hence, the company has taken on the roles both of tour operator and travel agencies. The company owns; besides expedia.com; websites such as hotels.com, hotwire, TripAdvisor and now also venere.com. The web-based mega-agency is the world’s largest online travel group by a wide margin and we will have a closerRead MoreGive Fashion Brand Case Study6385 Words   |  26 Pages........................3 2.2.1. 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The macro environment analyzed through a TOWS analysis, competitor analysis and customer analysis shows that the greatest threats include the online market, not having a broad target market and the physical presenceRead MoreMarketing4800 Words   |  20 Pagesvolumes in the retail industry. In addition, due to the current recession the public are buying more low-valued garments which goes in favour of BHS as they cater towards a budget conscious market. Although, BHS have establish that their typical customer would be part of the grey market we aim to reposition our target market to younger families (30-50) as this is a market which is not cater for enough in the retail industry. This reposition will be achieved by locating in retail parks closer toRead MoreUnderstanding Retailing Assignment 16019 Words   |  25 Pageslarger price than the cost. The retail industry that exists in the UK is huge because in the year 2010 the sales were recorded at being over  £293 billion. 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Financial Cycle and Macroeconomics Cengage

Question: Discuss about the Financial Cycle and Macroeconomics Cengage. Answer: Introduction: In the words of Borio (2014), due to the diminishing returns of the input, the output rises. With the rise in the output, it can be observed that the marginal product for the variable input would be decreased. Therefore, it can be stated that the marginal cost curve is upward sloping. In addition, law of diminishing of marginal return refers that higher labours are able to produce extra units of output. As a result, it can be seen that marginal product for labour is less as well as the marginal cost is increasing. Therefore, it can be concluded that marginal cost curve is upward sloping. In most of the production procedure, it can be observed that the marginal product of labour has been increasing primarily and reach to the highest position. Figure 1: Upward sloping marginal cost curve (Source: Brunnermeier, Eisenbach and Sannikov 2012) The major determinants of the economic growth such as rise in the real GDP depend upon some specific factors. The factors are such as factors, which affect both the consumer spending and the productive capacity. More specifically, it can be stated that the supply factors are such as the natural resources, capital goods, human resources, technology etc. On the other hand, it can be stated that with the rise in the demand of goods as well as services, the supply side will also increase. In this context, it can be stated that the efficiency factors also reflect the economic growth. In the words of Evans and Honkapohja (2012), production possibility frontier develop the opportunity costs and the trade offs. This reflects the consequences of growth of the economy. Therefore, in this respect, it can be stated that there is a positive relationship between PPF and economic growth. Therefore, if Production Possibility Frontier curve shift to the outward, there will be growth in the economy. On the other hand, it can be also stated that with the shifting of production possibility frontier to the inner wards, the economic growth will be decreased. Therefore, Mankiw (2014) mentioned that the allocation of resources along with the production capacity will be effectively decreased. The market of Australian Post is similar to the perfectly competitive market. All of the citizens have enough knowledge regarding the postal service of the country. As per the statement of Borio (2014), Australian post is the largest governmental section, which earned AS$ 6.3 billion revenues and earned profitability from this sector AS$ 103m before the imposition of tax in the year of 2014. This amount of revenue earning and the profitability would reflect to identify and understand the market structure of the Australian post. Nonetheless, Borio (2014) argued that the rate of profitability has been decreased from the previous year as the profitability statement in the previous year before the imposition of tax was AS$ 210m. In order to discuss the alternative or the substitute services over the Australian post, Brunnermeier, Eisenbach and Sannikov (2012) opined that in the year of 2014, the volume of Australian post was increasing by approximately 12.8%, whereas the market for the retailing or the total sales of e-commerce was increased by 17.3%. This was comparatively higher from the growth of Australian post. Therefore, in this context, it can be stated that instead of Australia post service, the citizens of Australia are willing to take the service of smart send courier, E-go courier, Auspost and Sendle services etc. This study also tried to highlight the profitability statement of Australian postal service in the year of 2015. In this case, the following figure is helpful to understand the profitability statement of the mentioned year. Figure 2: Profitability statement of Australian postal service (Source: Anon 2016) The above figure depicted that the profitability statement of Australian postal services has been decreased in 2015. More specifically, Mankiw (2014) mentioned that in the year of 2015, Australian postal services has been incurring loss by the amount of AS$ 352.1m. In this section, this study has tried to identify and understand the market overview of gym organisation in Sydney. After the market research, it can be observed that the revenue is AS$ 2bn and the annual growth rate was 9.5% in the year of 2015. In this connection, it can be concluded that the market for the 24 hours gyms and the fitness organisations has been changed since last five years. It has been increasing with the rise in time. In this connection, Evans and Honkapohja (2012) mentioned that due to the rise in the awareness regarding the health, people are willing to go to the gyms. As a result, it can be assumed that the profitability from the gym business has also been increasing over time. Therefore, it can be concluded that it would be profitable with the opening of gym centre in Sydney, Australia. As a result, Borio (2014) cited that the competition within the business of gym industry would be increased during the past five years in Sydney. In order to discuss the market structure in the short run and the long run, it can be assumed that the market for the gym business in Sydney is like monopolistic competitive. Therefore, the service and the products of one organisation are differentiated from other. Therefore, in the short run, the profitability statement of the newly opened business would be lower in terms of concentration ratio. The reason can be discussed as higher competition. Figure 3: Short run market structure for gym organisation (Source: Borio 2014) On the other hand, by maintaining of the quality of the service, the newly open gym organisation would earn normal profits in the long run. As per the question, it can be stated that there is a negative relationship between the increase in the ageing population and the impact of GDP in Australia. In this connection, Mankiw (2014) stated that with the rise in the ageing population in Australia, the productivity as well as the growth of the economy of Australia has been would be decreased. In addition, the labour supply would be reduced and the effect of the unpaid work would be increased. References Anon, (2016). Available at: https://auspost.com.au/annualreport2015/docs/australia-post-annual-report-2015.pdf [Accessed on 15 Sep. 2016]. Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?.Journal of Banking Finance,45, pp.182-198. Brunnermeier, M.K., Eisenbach, T.M. and Sannikov, Y., 2012.Macroeconomics with financial frictions: A survey(No. w18102). National Bureau of Economic Research. Evans, G.W. and Honkapohja, S., 2012.Learning and expectations in macroeconomics. Princeton University Press. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Scarth, W., 2014. Macroeconomics.Books.

Pandora Case Study free essay sample

For Pandora, one of the biggest players In Internet radio, figuring out the future Is boot challenging and Intimidating. If the regular challenges of growing a new company are NT enough, Pandora also faces a market that is reeling in turmoil. In the new digital world, the WA y people listen to music continues to change dramatically. It seems likely that Pandora will either lea d the changes or fall victim to them. Pandora was founded just over a decade ago. At that time, a vast majority of music list inners were still getting their groove on in one of two ways: They either popped a CD into the Eire home, car, or personal CD player or they turned on the old AM/ FM radio. But the advent of digital formats Like Amps has had a huge Impact on CD sales and has drawn people away from what Is n owe called ;terrestrial radio. We will write a custom essay sample on Pandora Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, Like the music business, the radio business has faced m ajar changes of its own. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 reduced limitations on the number of SST actions that one owner could hold.This led to huge ownership groups that consolidated and standard ;zed listening formats. The result is less diversity on the radio, with shorter playbills and fewer artist TTS represented. From one city to the next, all across the United States, radio stations have started to s mound more alike. Both these trends combined with the explosion of Internet usage and changes In online technologies have led to a deluge of companies trying to capitalize on the future of music distribution.This includes download services such as tunes, subscription services s chi as Rhapsody and music, an endless number of Internet radio stations, and even satellite radio en outwork Sirius. Today, with an ever- growing list of listening devices and cloud music services that store personal music libraries so they can be accessed anywhere by any device, listening try ends continue to evolve. But one thing about the future is certain: The business of listening to music is full of disruption and confusion. Things are changing fast and the winning products and SE Emcees-?leaned, the survivors-?are yet to be determined.The Power of People Amid the chaos, Pandora has carved out Its own niche, setting Itself apart as an auto mated music recommendation service. It isnt a play-on- the exact song and artist they want. Rather, listeners enter an artist or song squeegees n. The plastic starts with a track by the requested artist and inserts additional songs by that artist e err once in a Nile. But in between, Pandora cues up songs by other artists similar in nature to the requested material. If an unlinked or unwanted song plays, the listener can click the thumbs do n icon or Just kip the song and it will be removed from the list.Users can also create stations by BRB sowing artists alphabetically, or they can tune in to pre- made genre stations or to other users stations. Listeners can create as many stations as they wish, each oriented around the initial input. Lots of online services employ similar recommendation features (think Nettling and Am axon). Out Pandora has set a precedent by the predictive power of its recommendation soft Near. The Pandora software is amazingly precise at choosing material that fits with what the us r wants.According to Tim Western, founder and Chief Strategy Officer for Pandora, the sec ret sauce is the people behind the software. Behind this digitized, automated, software- driven machine, Western says, muff need a human ear to discern. Its true that the algorithms mathematically match songs, but the math, all its doing is translating what a human being is actually measuring. O Marketing An Introduction. 1 lath edition (2013) page 27 of 45 Each of the 850,000 songs from 80,000 different artists in Panders library has been analyzed and coded by a professional musician.

Mathematics Test Questions free essay sample

By loganbarton97 Name Square Day 1 Mathematics Test Questions 5. x2-x+ 12. 12-kx+64 Date Period Completing the For each expression, find the number you would add to make it a perfect square trinomial. Leave fraction answers as improper fractions (no mixed numbers or decimals). Then factor each trinomial. I . 12 +1 OX + 4. 12 + 12x+ 7. X2+11X+ † 6y + 3. Z2-8Z+ 6. X2+13X+ 8. 9. For each expression, find the value of k that would make the trinomial a perfect square trinomial. Then factor each trinomial. 10. 12+kx+36 11. 12-kx+49 Solve by taking the square root of each side. Move the constant, c, to the other side. X2+8X 2. In order to create a perfect square trinomial on the left side, set up your equation so that you will remember to add to BOTH sides (the equation must stay balanced). ex: 12 + 8x + 3. Calculate what must be added to BOTH sides to create the perfect square trinomial on the left side ( ). 4. Add to both sides. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics Test Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ex: x2+8x+ 16 = 7+ 16 5. Factor the left side of the equation and simplify the right side. 6. Solve by taking the square root. Equation in ax2 + bx + c ex: 3X2+30x-5=o = O form + 30X . Factor out the a coefficient on the left side. ex: 312+30x 3(X2+10X Set up your equation to add. Remember that whatever you add to the left side is being multiplied by a and so the right side must also be multiplied by a. ex: 3(x2+10x+ ) 4. Calculate what must be added to BOTH sides to create the perfect square trinomial on the left side (middle term, divided by 2 and then squared). 5. Add to both sides. ex: 3(x2+10x+ 25 25 ) 6. Factor the left side of the equation and simplify the right side. 7. Solve by dividing and taking the square root.

Emerging Culture essays

Emerging Culture essays The Emerging Culture article is an excellent source of the ever-changing perspectives in todays markets. From Traditionalists to Cultural Creatives, the values and behaviors of consumers are constantly transforming. Throughout this article, there are conflicting images of each market category Traditionalists, Modernists, and Cultural Creatives. In brief, the Traditionalists rebel against big-city slickers whereas the Modernists are in favor of the egocentric, acquisitive lifestyle. The most recent market, the Cultural Creatives, are on the rise and in favor of equality in the workplace, whereas the Traditionalists are against feminism in work. To most, these markets can be found on either ends of the spectrum; each with different values and different behaviors. However, when one studies these markets closely, they are quite similar. Morals and ethics are on the rise with many universities. Liberal arts facilities especially, are requiring an ethics course as part of their curriculum. Considering the Cultural Creatives demographics and psychographics, many consumers in this marketplace are more apt to support the concept of bringing ethics into our educational system, which has been suffering from low morals and ethics. The Cultural Creatives are closely related to the Traditionalists in that they also consider morals and ethics essential. Modernists, on the other hand, are focused more on money, success, and the fame in which the media and entertainment deem essential. Although the media poses as an ethical and moral entity, their off-stage actions have proven to not be in the best interest of the public. Cultural Creatives believe in a strong educational system, and the Modernists put value on following the images in the media. Both markets preach morals and ethics but do not take action. Take for exam ple an ongoing problem in several large universities with hig...

Caveman Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Caveman Project - Research Paper Example These materials might involve stones, wood, or materials for basket weaving. As these materials exist in the wild as raw and not broken down to manageable portions, the individual must then transport them home so that they can be broken down and converted into useable tools and devices for production. For instance, if one is attempting to make a spear they must first ensure that the stone they procured from the journey was grinded down to a level where it could be attached to the spear. During this process if the stone is chipped or broken to a too large extent, then the entire process of gaining the materials must be accomplished again. In terms of fashioning the spear, one must also attend to the wood part. Rather than simply buying wood from a store, the individual must find a tree or sticks that have been discarded. This is a harder task that might be originally assumed as the wood must be of considerable strength and be able to withstand the blunt force pressure of hunting. In t he process of combining the spear and the stone arrow they must be done so with incredible delicacy as a mistake in this department will surely cause the entire process to be have to gone through again. It’s worth noting in these regards that one must recognize the artistry and skill of the cavemen, as it takes more than brute force and knowledge to construct such weaponry. While cavemen are generally thought of as brutes, it’s clear that in order to find subsistence and survival they must also have a variety of subtle and fine-tuned skills. One of these skills one can consider is the nature of basket weaving. Baskets were a central aspect of... While cavemen are generally thought of as brutes, it’s clear that in order to find subsistence and survival they must also have a variety of subtle and fine-tuned skills. One of these skills one can consider is the nature of basket weaving. Baskets were a central aspect of pre-historic life, as they allowed individuals to transport foodstuffs and materials from one region to another. StillÐ ± the actual production of these objects was one of great challenge and skill. As elucidated above, individuals must first collect the materials to construct these objects, which is a laborious process unto itself. In terms of the basket-weaving the proper palm-fronds must be gathered and then taken back to the village or area of gathering. At this point, the caveman must go through an elaborate process of construction where they are interweaved within each other to form a structural whole. While this occurred four thousand years ago, one recognizes that the skills involved in this process are advanced to the point that most individuals today would be at a loss for the means by which they are accomplished.

CocoBanas cocoa beans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CocoBanas Cocoa Beans - Research Paper Example This is because Canada has lower manufacturing costs compared to America. As a matter of facts, Canada accounts for 2/3 of the total cocoa imported to America. It has been observed over the past years that many American based plants are either transferred to Canada or Mexico to lower the production costs. The cocoa product market in Canada is expected to continue growing despite increased health concerns. In 2012, the consumption of chocolate was increased by 4% and was projected to increase further in the year 2013-2014. Canadians have been known for their love of sweet foods and snacks which accounts for 24% of their overall food consumption. The growth in the industry is as a result of population growth combined with expansion into new markets.   The market is expected to continue growing at a constant value of 2% up to the year 2017. The growth trend will be defined by two factors: planned purchases by consumers as the expansion of the luxury products market ((PrideM., Hughes& Kapoor, 2012: 235). 2.2 Target Market of CocoBana and their Characteristics in Canada Chocolate consumption is higher among the females than males with 8% of males and 91% of female reported to consume chocolate products. The younger people, below the age of 35 are seen to consume more chocolate and candy compared to the older generations. This is because the youths are less concerned about their health and may not have many health complications like the older generations. Consumption of chocolate is uniform across earning levels. Despite the economic recession, people consider the consumption of chocolate as an affordable luxury. This explains why the consumption has not been affected.  

1.Since Country A has a higher GDP than Country B then this must mean Essay - 2

1.Since Country A has a higher GDP than Country B then this must mean the residents of Country A are better off in terms of economic welfare. Discuss - Essay Example GDP also shows the productivity of a nation. Countries like China and India have better GDP rate compared to U.S. as per the latest studies. The recent television reports has shown that the American secret agency has submitted a report to the Bush government that India and China will become super powers within 20 years. â€Å"The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a countrys borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public  consumption, government outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. From the above definition it is clear that if a country produces maximum finished goods within a time span (normally 1 year) the GDP will increases. From the above equation it is clear that GDP will increase when the consumer spending, government spending and sum of country’s business spending increases. The GDP will also increase when exports exceeds the imports (NX value). Now we can try to analyze GDP a little more deeply by studying the GDP rate of two countries; one with higher GDP rate and another with lower GDP rate. GDP incorporates many of the economic indicators of a country such as retail sales, personal consumption and wholesale inventories etc. â€Å"The general consensus is that 2.5-3.5% per year growth in real GDP is the range of best overall benefit; enough to provide for corporate profit and jobs growth yet moderate enough to not incite undue inflationary concerns. If the economy is just coming out of recession, it is  OK for the GDP figure to jump into th e 6-8% range briefly, but investors will look for the long-term rate to stay near the 3% level. The general definition of an economic recession is two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth, which last occurred in the United States in 2001.  (Ryan Barnes). GDP is concerned with the region in which income is generated. It is the market value of

Study into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria

Study into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data The Nigerian Demographic Health Surveys (NDHS) of 2013 supporting evidence and additional sources of data from published reports of NDHS 2013 have been used in this study. Datasets for 2013 Nigerian DHS were downloaded following approval from measuredhs.com. Authorisation was obtained via registering with measuredhs.com, requesting permission to use datasets. Permission to use data was granted via email. (Appendix I). Demographic Health surveys have been ongoing for over 30 years in over 90 countries with over 300 surveys aimed at fostering global knowledge of health and population trends in developing countries. DHS surveys are nationally representative household surveys in women aged 15-49 (and sometimes men aged 15-49) which yield internationally comparable data on health indicators in developing countries. Datasets produced from this surveys are owned by measuredhs.com as part of the projects implemented by Macro International, with its funding from USAID. In most countries the DHS surveys are conducted every five years providing retrospective estimates of four years including year of study, with large samples from households through face to face interviews using standardised questionnaires designed to gather information on female genital cutting, maternal and child health, nutrition, HIV/AIDS, family planning, gender, malaria as well as the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. DHS surveys involve large samples In Nigeria, the National Population Commission (NPC) representing the Federal Government of Nigeria, conducts the survey with technical assistance from Macro International. The purpose of this data collected is to direct policy making, planning, monitoring and evaluation of programmes. Two phases are involved; First phase involves enumeration of urban and rural areas in clusters based on national population distributions. Eligible households are selected using systematic sampling, allowing for a large sample to achieve statistically significant results (Hajian-Tilaki, 2011). The second phase involves data collection using the three standard DHS questionnaires (household, women and men questionnaires). In the Nigerian Demographic Health Survey 2013, data was collected over five months, completed questionnaires were then edited, processed in CSPro computer package and all that was cleaned. This ensures accuracy of information and confidentiality to participants. Data collected is standardized by weighting adjusting for over and under sampling to produce representative results (NDHS, 2013). The NDHS 2013 facilitates a comprehensive picture of the current global trends on knowledge and prevalence of FGM among women and their daughters, types of circumcision, age at circumcision, and attitudes toward the practice to be constructed. Prior to NDHS Surveys of 2013 there were subsequent surveys in 1999, 2003, 2008 which collected data on FGM. This surveys reported prevalence of FGM in Nigeria amongst women age 15 to 49 as shown in table below: Table 2.1 showing prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from NDHS surveys. The prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from 2003 to 2008 recorded an increase and this was partly from the use of a new definition for what constitutes as FGM and also differences in the data available for selecting the sample. Interviewers used in the northeast of Nigeria included local forms of cutting and scraping of the vaginal walls in their definition of what constitutes FGM. The data bases for selecting the samples for the Nigeria DHS of 2003 and 2008 were relatively different, hence that made the distribution of the samples by region variant. (Yoder et al 2013). In the 2013 NDHS, the definition of FGM explicitly followed the WHO definition of FGM. In dissecting trends linked with FGM in Nigeria, it is unlikely that comparing prevalence of FGM using Nigeria DHS over years will give valid reasons for the trends over the years due to differences mentioned earlier (NDHS, 2013). 2.2 Variables The drivers of FGM from previous studies identified as mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities. The variables of interest in this study are those related to these drivers of FGM and are classified as social, cultural, economic and geographical factors (WHO, 2014). For effective analyses some of the variables have been recoded. A full list of variables is attached in Appendix II. The outcome or dependent variable considered in this analyses is FGM; whether a woman had FGM or not. Other secondary outcomes of interest in this study is who performs FGM, perspectives and opinions on FGM were also examined (further categorized in table 2.1). The main independent variable in this study is Age at time of survey which serves as an indicator of the birth cohort of the participant. The exposure variables of interest in this study- residence, region- in order to analyse subpopulation trends. Other variables included in this study religion, ethnicity, education and wealth. The variable wealth index, measures a household relative economic status. This is calculated by a process which recodes and pools together data on household assets such as type of toilet, ownership of durable goods, etc. to produce a continuous standardized scale. This variables although not exhaustive have been selected because of their association with culture, socio-economic status which have an impact on the FGM practice (WHO, 2014). The relationship examined in this study will use the following variables Table 2.1 Definition and categorization of variables. *Types of FGM in table above (a) type I and II; flesh removed from genital area (b) type IV; genital area nicked no flesh removed (c); type III genital area closed. WHO classification for FGM (WHO, 2014). **All major ethnic groups in Nigeria and FGM practicing groups of significance from NDHS 2013 survey. 2.2 Data Analysis 2.2. 1 Conceptual Framework for analysing trends linked with FGM in Nigeria (WHO, 2014; NDHS Reports, 2013). The framework for analysis of trends linked with FGM will take in to cognizance sociodemographic factors that can confound or mediate the practice of FGM in Nigeria. This factors are shown below: Figure 2.1 above showing conceptual framework for analysis of FGM trends. 2.4 Data Analysis All analyses in this study were computed using SPSS v.22. The Data was weighted and complex sampling procedures used to minimise errors from sampling techniques used in NDHS 2013, thus ensuring results are valid (IBM 2015). The sampling weight was used for all analysis. A major part of the analyses involved handling of data using syntax files, a programme of orders which automatically computes analysis and can be saved. Some programmes used for the analyses can be found in Appendix III. The following statistical analysis were carried out to achieve the aim and objectives of this study: 2.4.1 Descriptive Analysis The analysis examined the following areas: General distribution of background characteristics of women age 15-49: frequency of background characteristics General Distribution of FGM related perspectives and opinions- frequencies of perspectives and opinions in the following: Ever heard of FGM Age women had FGM Prevalence of FGM including types Who performed FGM Number of daughters with FGM Beliefs on FGM required by religion Views on if FGM practice should continue or stop. Trends of FGM prevalence including types of FGM: percentage of women with FGM and its relationship by background characteristics, percentage of types of FGM and its relationship by background characteristics. Trends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by background characteristics: as listed above from b i, ii, iv, v, vi and vii. Trends of beliefs on FGM required by religion: percentage of women with FGM by beliefs on FGM required by religion Trends on opinions of FGM practice should stop or continue: percentage of women with FGM opinion on practice should stop or continue Trends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by age. Besides percentages and confidence intervals, chi-square test for trends are computed to ascertain the statistical significance of these associations. 2.4.2 Logistic regression analysis The variables on women background characteristics and perspectives of FGM were fitted into regression models in order to determine the extent they predict the outcome i.e. having FGM (b) to ascertain if the practice is declining or increasing by birth cohorts. This form of analysis involves computing bivariate and multivariate analyses using the main outcome FGM as the dependent variable and the previous variables (i.e. background characteristics) as the independent variables. In the bivariate analysis all independent variables except region were fitted into the model to estimate the crude trends in having FGM. Region was exempted to minimise confounding. A multivariate analysis involved fitting the same variables into the model controlling for age, education, ethnicity, economic status (wealth), urban-rural residence, and religion. The aim is to ascertain the relative importance of each variable as a predictor of having FGM. The reference categories for each variable fitted into the regression model are: age (15-19) education (no education), ethnic group (others), Residence (rural), religion (Islam), wealth index (richest).

The Richness of Olive Oil Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Richness of Olive Oil When I think of olive oil, a picture suitable for a postcard comes to mind: rows of olive groves, pasta figgoli, Pavarotti singing, and Grandma Garone rubbing olive oil on the heads of my father, Vincenzo, and his brother, Francisco. Their hair would take on the Italian look: dark and sheen, slicked back, reminiscent of John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever. Grandpa Garone owned acres of olive groves in a small village outside of Naples in Southern Italy. Each day, his workers collected the olives and made batches of fresh olive oil. When my grandparents came to America in 1925, they smuggled in as much olive oil as they could carry—12 gallons worth—for fear they would find nothing like it here. Pungent, thick, and drab to emerald green in color, olive oil comes from the fleshy pulp of the fruit of an evergreen tree grown exclusively in temperate climates: Spain, Southern Italy, Greece, and, more recently, California. In 1775, the first California olive trees were planted around the state at the various Spanish missions. Today, California’s olive oil industry constitutes less than 0.5 percent of world production because only 3 percent of the 110,000 tons grown in California is used to make olive oil. The rest is canned and consumed as olives; preserving the olives costs less and is more time efficient than pressing for oil. California has four major varieties of olive: Manzanillo, Mission, Sevillano, and Ascalano. The Mission, named for the Spanish missionaries who introduced it, is most commonly used to make oil because of its high oil content and its â€Å"low pit to flesh ratio.† More than 300 other varieties of olives are grown in California. Sounding like female characters in a Fellini film... ... United States, it is unique, compared to the bread and butter usually served in Italian restaurants. By serving the oil with the bread, Kuleto’s is supposedly emulating Italian culture, at a pretty high price. Would this practice be so popular if olive oil tasted more like Crisco? The distinctive flavor, as well as the romantic and pastoral images conjured up by traditional strong olive oils, make this oil a winner in today’s overflowing market. Even the painter Renoir had something to say about olives: â€Å"Regardez cette lumiere dans les oliviers: Ça brille comme un diamant.† (Look at the light in the olive trees: it is brilliant like a diamond.) It is the oil that makes them shine like diamonds. And it is the bucolic images of the Italian countryside that will draw consumers back again and again to the richness of olive oil, both in flavor and on the body.

Mary Barton Essay

Elizabeth Gaskell’s â€Å"Mary Barton† is a novel of social reform that explores injustice, abuse and inequality. The novel is especially concerned with the societal condition of England at the time. In her â€Å"Preface† Mrs. Gaskell asserted, â€Å"I know nothing of Political Economy, or the theories of the trade. I have tried to write truthfully†. The â€Å"truth† of â€Å"Mary Barton† is not political or economic but the truth of the human heart. The novel is not about industrial conditions but about people living in those conditions. Mrs. Gaskell’s social aim in writing is to inform rather than to reform. Her aim in writing is to give â€Å"utterance to the agony† and to explicate the consequences of â€Å"the seeming injustice of the inequalities of fortune†. In â€Å"Mary Barton†, the protagonist John Barton asks with bitter vehemence about the injustice of the massive gulf between the upper and lower classes: â€Å"Why are they so separate, so distinct, when God has made them all? [†¦ ] We are their slaves as long as we can work; we pile up fortunes with the sweat of our brows; and yet we are to live as separate as Dives and Lazarus, with a great gulf betwixt us†. John Barton is ultimately driven to the act of murder by his outrage at the gulf fixed between the rich and the poor. John Barton is ultimately a victim of society and an example of how a man full of human kindness is hardened into hatred and violence. As the author tells the reader his wife’s death meant that â€Å"one of the ties which bound him down to the gentle humanities of earth was loosened†. The string of events that followed – the strike, the Davenports’ starvation and fever, the employees’ arrogant isolation and the failure of the petition, seem to purposely show that the world reckons the poor folk no account. And as John Barton lies on his deathbed his enemy Mr. Carson sits in his library quite unable to hate his son’s murderer. At the end Mr. Carson forgives John Barton and the murderer dies in the arms of the man whose son he has murdered and this image explicates the novel’s pivotal theme in the hope of human heartedness. In her novel Mrs. Gaskell presents men and women at the extreme of suffering at which point only the most radical of human actions remain be they despair and hatred or alternatively human compassion and forgiveness.

Free Essays on E-Commerce Effects To Consumers

Electronic Commerce Security: An introduction for everyone In the 21st century, any entity that does business or maintains customer data will do it online. The 'e' in eBusiness has already become redundant. There are already well understood practices and standards in place for user authentication, data encryption, and credit card transactions. We will explain what it all means and guide you through the process of deciding which security choices are right for you, not just for selling online, but for any website that handles financial or private data. Brainstorming points What is E-Commerce B2C vs B2B B2B new definitions for the new millennium intranet headquarters design centers plants warehouses overseas locations the extended enterprise joint ventures subsidiaries strategic partners extranet suppliers dealers n-tier suppliers Supply chain management... anderson paper when is a DMZ appropriate? dedicated connections shared private network (ANX) VPNs costs B2C presenting goods allow customer inquiries credit card transactions News reports on major break-ins, credit card exposures credit card authorities example costs Storing private customer data file system encryption storing data in cookies (discuss the '97 privacy paper) Configuring a public server General Doing a security review (ACR) Risk vs. Convenience: Security FAQ Choosing a platform authentication/authorization schemes Secure Transactions setting up SSL - encryption signing authorities - which one is best for you? (shane, does this cover your RSA point?) Schneier's rule of cracking international (128 bit) Firewalls How to keep up to date (SANS, CERT) Conclusions What is E-Commerce: Electronic Commerce may include any computer mediated business process, but a common usage is to use it to describe commerce taking place using the World Wide Web as an enabling transport. For many... Free Essays on E-Commerce Effects To Consumers Free Essays on E-Commerce Effects To Consumers Electronic Commerce Security: An introduction for everyone In the 21st century, any entity that does business or maintains customer data will do it online. The 'e' in eBusiness has already become redundant. There are already well understood practices and standards in place for user authentication, data encryption, and credit card transactions. We will explain what it all means and guide you through the process of deciding which security choices are right for you, not just for selling online, but for any website that handles financial or private data. Brainstorming points What is E-Commerce B2C vs B2B B2B new definitions for the new millennium intranet headquarters design centers plants warehouses overseas locations the extended enterprise joint ventures subsidiaries strategic partners extranet suppliers dealers n-tier suppliers Supply chain management... anderson paper when is a DMZ appropriate? dedicated connections shared private network (ANX) VPNs costs B2C presenting goods allow customer inquiries credit card transactions News reports on major break-ins, credit card exposures credit card authorities example costs Storing private customer data file system encryption storing data in cookies (discuss the '97 privacy paper) Configuring a public server General Doing a security review (ACR) Risk vs. Convenience: Security FAQ Choosing a platform authentication/authorization schemes Secure Transactions setting up SSL - encryption signing authorities - which one is best for you? (shane, does this cover your RSA point?) Schneier's rule of cracking international (128 bit) Firewalls How to keep up to date (SANS, CERT) Conclusions What is E-Commerce: Electronic Commerce may include any computer mediated business process, but a common usage is to use it to describe commerce taking place using the World Wide Web as an enabling transport. For many...

Veterans Disability

Veterans Disability Federal Court Ruling Extends Disability Benefits to Injured Veterans According to a recent ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, veterans previously denied disability for pain related to their service may now qualify for assistance. The decision overturns an earlier precedent that states veterans must clearly connect their pain to a medical diagnosis to receive disability. This precedent has been used to deny over 11,000 Veterans Administration (VA) disability claims. The full article is available here.The challenge- brought by a veterans-affairs group- involved a Gulf War veteran who injured her knees while in service. While military doctors noted this, they didn’t give a specific diagnosis. When she later applied for disability benefits, her claim was denied per a 1999 decision that â€Å"pain alone is not a disability for the purpose of VA disability compensation.† While the new ruling overrides that precedent, veterans must still show a clear connection between their pain and their service.Advocates call the ru ling critical for veterans that are unable to work due to service-related injuries- and suggest veterans who have previously been rejected for disability benefits consider reapplying to see if they now qualify.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free confidential consultation.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the disability benefits  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental or cognitive impairment call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s leading social security disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence.

Quantitative Research Techniques and Designs Assignment

Quantitative Research Techniques and Designs - Assignment Example In addition, the audience for different research studies is discussed and how research outcomes can inform social and institutional change is highlighted. Anderson et al (2002) set out to study the managerial roles of public community College Chief Academic Officers. They began providing varying definitions of community college chief academic officers by different authors. These definitions help draw a line between who are college chief academic officers and those who are not. Some concepts mean different things to different people and research definitions help delimit the scope of the concept under study. For example, Vogt (2006) shows that college chief academic officers are the ones who uphold the integrity of a community college’s instructional and curriculum development. This is a technical definition of college chief academic officers for this study and is strengthened by clear articulation of their responsibilities and duties. Operational definition helps control parameters when measuring a variable. The conceptual definition of a College Chief Academic Officer demonstrates the measurability of the officers’ manag erial roles. Research questions guide the methodology chosen to conduct a research study. The study by Anderson et al (2002) sought to answer the question on the managerial roles played by college chief academic officers and the ones they emphasize. They sought to find out whether there are environmental, personal, or situational characteristics that influence the roles that college chief academic officers emphasize. Singh (2007) affirmed the study’s use of collective bargaining, span of control, age, gender, years in position and managerial experience as some individual characteristics of college chief academic officers. Minztberg’s taxonomy provided the basis for this study’s managerial role survey. Anderson et al (2002) added

Middle Class Struggles Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle Class Struggles Critique - Essay Example The final agreement was that one spouse could hold on to some money ranging from $19,000 to $95,000 according to the state. The law makers gave one spouse the right to refuse any financial obligation thereby shifting the partner's responsibility to the Medicaid. After his old parents could not look after themselves, Adam Albenico was confused on the next step to take considering his parent were from a middle class background making it hard for them to qualify for Medicaid. He visited Mr. Russo an elder-care lawyer and the chairman of the Medicaid task force for the National Academy of Elder Care Attorneys. He presented his case about his ailing father who needed a nursing home services pointing out that long-term care would exhaust their savings in 15 months. Mr. Russo educated him about Medicaid and advised him that his parent's assets be transferred to his mother so that she could sign the legal forms refusing to support her husband. He did this and a nursing home accepted his father but insisted that Albenico should pay for two months of care upfront or $15,000 in case his father's Medicaid application did not go through. He later sold his mother's property to finance her assisted living move but her mother later run out of money and Albenico together with his sister continued paying t

Personal Development Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Development - Personal Statement Example My goals for next week are to continue writing. 3 Understanding Information and Data It sure was a lot of specific information. I learned about writing and research styles and referencing techniques. My goal for next week is to understand first hand how to conduct library research. 4 Presentations I love presentations. I learned the appropriate way to design slides. My goal for next week is to keep up with the matrix. 5 How Information Is Used This was a really cool lecture. I learned about the different methods of systemic thinking. My goals for next week are to continue with my matrix and try to implement systemic analytic thinking. 6 Information in Global Business Communications I never thought of communication like this before. I learned about the history and methods of business communications. My goals for next week include keeping up with assignments and lectures. 7 Information in Business This was the most interesting lecture to me so far. I learned about how information technology augments business. My goals are to complete this module strongly. Summary Personal Learning and Skills Matrix Semester General reflection Subject specific reflections New goals, new behaviors Challenge It was a real challenge to keep the matrices. Although I know it will probably help me in the future, I wish there was an easier way to use reference styles. I aim to implement more structured time management and find an easier way to do formal citations. Expectations I learned nearly everything I expected from this module. I like the parts about report writing, web communications, and systems thinking most. I hope to apply the principles wherever I can. Responsibilities I feel I have a responsibility to apply this information effectively in the...Although I am proud of my academic achievements, I wish I could apply what I learned more specifically in the workplace. In the appropriate business setting, much of this is quite applicable, but in others they were not so much. I suppose it takes the right type of environment to express scholarly skill and be appreciated for it. I am more used to people being intolerant to academic achievement. I am not sure why. I do not see the harm in bringing knowledge to bear on one's life. I am not overbearing about it, and I do not use it intrusively. I can only gather that among certain circles learning is seen as a threat. It is a threat to some people because of low self-esteem I guess. It seems they are not willing to sacrifice for knowledge so they do not wish anyone else to either. It is a threat to some because of sheer jealousy. They are unwilling to let others grow professionally who will serve them directl y. I do not really know. It is all speculation if I am to be perfectly honest. Human psychology presents the most challenging systems analysis task in the known universe. One thing is certain. Some people are intolerant toward learning for whatever reason. Despite the intolerance of those around me, I am proud that I have accomplished so much in the face of such unnecessary odds.

Emotional relationship Essay Example for Free

Emotional relationship Essay In this essay I will be looking at two theories of attachment, an intense emotional relationship enduring over time and in which prolonged separation is accompanied by stress and sorrow (Kagan et al 1982). I will also attempt to evaluate the statement from Bowlby 58, where he says that Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as are vitamins and protein for physical health. The two attachment theories I will be looking at are Bowlbys 1953 Monotrophy Theory and Freuds Psychoanalytical Theory. Bowlby initially argued that attachment is an adaptive behaviour due to the human instinct to survive. Infants are born with a predisposition to survive and therefore have to form an attachment in order to gain food, warmth and protection etc. In order for this interaction to take place, the infant is born with Innate Social Releasers that prompt care-giving from the parent through releasers such as crying and cooing etc. Infants also need to form attachments in order to have a secure base from which to explore the world around them. This can be seen in securely attached infants, who are happy to explore an unfamiliar room, as long as the person with whom they have their primary bond is present (Strange Situation- Ainsworth and Bell 1970). Bowlby described this primary bond as Monotrophy, meaning turning towards one person. He recognised that this bond doesnt always form with the biological mother, just the primary care giver. Adults also have a predisposition to care and be responsive to their offspring, as the survival of the infant into adulthood ensures the continuation of their genetic line. Therefore the have an innate response to the infants social releasers. Bowlby suggested that infants have a Critical Period, up to 2 1/2 years, for attachments to form. If attachments were not made by this age, it would not be possible for the child to form any attachment and the child would suffer long-term, permanent emotional damage, particularly in the formation of lasting adult relationships. This is due to the Internal Working Model according to Bowlby and later by Bretherton and Waters (1985) who said that secure children have developed a positive working model of themselves, based on their feelings of security derived from having a sensitive, emotionally responsive and supportive primary care-giver. It is therefore said that avoidant children have a rejecting, unresponsive caregiver, resulting in a negative working model of themselves. He also developed the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis, where he claimed that infants who were unable to develop attachments would grow up having problems with relationships and have a higher chance of behavioural disorders. This hypothesis was supported by other psychologists such as Spitz and Wolf (1946) and Robertson and Robertson (1971). An alternative theory of attachment is the Psychosexual theory put forward by Freud. He said there are five stages of development a child goes through: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. The stage that deals with attachment is the oral stage, which occurs from birth to about 18 months. Freud thought that during this time the infant is driven by the Pleasure Principle. This is caused by the development of the Id, the first component of the personality to develop. The Id demands instant gratification and in the oral stage, gratification comes through the mouth. The drive for oral satisfaction is vital at this age as the attention is focused on food and thus, survival. There are three parts to this stage of development: the drive for oral gratification that results in an uncomfortable feeling, so the infant cries. He is then fed, and the drive is reduced and the uncomfortable feeling, hunger, is gone. This is experienced as pleasure. Therefore the attachment is made with the person who offers the gratification and pleasure. Although at first glance, the two theories are very different, when analysed, similarities can be drawn. They both suggest stages the infant must go through in order to develop into a stable adult. Bowlby says that no infantile attachment leads to problems in adult relationships and Freud says that an unsuccessful transition through any of the five stages will result in regression in later life, for example a child with an oral fixation will suck his thumb, chew pen tops and in later life smoke. Both of these points are true to a certain degree, as there as been countless studies about children who have had maternal deprivation in early infancy and grown up into maladjusted adults. However it is difficult to be able to pinpoint exactly what is the cause of an adults maladjusted behaviour as there may be numerous reasons, which cannot be reduced to maternal deprivation alone. One major difference between these theories is that while Bowlby recognises that the primary bond doesnt have to be with the mother, Freuds theory is dependant on the mother or wet nurse. This could lead to implications when trying to apply Freuds theory today, as many infants are not breast-fed at all. Bowlbys theory was very well received in the UK when it was published, as it came just after the second world war, when women were being encouraged to go back to the home and their children, so the men could return to the jobs in the factories etc. His theory gave the government something by which to almost force the women home, as the threat of a maladjusted child, due to your absence, was more than most women wanted to deal with. It was also one of the most important and influential pieces of psychological work of that century.

Exploration of Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder Essay -- Exposi

Exploration of Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder       What if you woke up in the morning and didn't have any recollection of what you did during the night? For some people not remembering is not a problem. Most people just assume that they were in their beds all night, and for most people this is true, but for a small percentage of the population, this is not true. The average person spends approximately 25 years of their life sleeping (Brown, 2002). For some people, this time is well spent, but for others, their 25 years of sleep might not be spent in their bed. When people wake from the night and find crumbs dashed across their clothes and sheets, or candy bar wrappers with small remnants of what was inside lying next to their beds, it can be a frightening experience. These people have no recollection of waking during the night, or even eating. The problem is, they didn't wake during the night, but they did eat. How can this be possible? Sleep eating is similar to sleep walking. It's when a person gets up from a deep sleep and eats with little or no recollection of doing so. Often times the person has little or no sense as to what their actions are. In other words, a sleep-eater may know to turn on the stove in order to cook their food, but they may not think to turn it back off. Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (NSRED) is often referred to as sleep eating. It can be explained as a disorder that is relatively rare. The basic idea of the disorder is simple: while sleeping, the affected eat uncontrollably. The recall level varies and the only evidence of eating is either in weight gain or in the half-eaten food that was left out (Smith & Pilnik, 2003). This disorder can be explained as a mixture between... ...1, Febuary) Night-eating or nocturnal eating or sleep-related eating. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from http://www.neuronic.com/eating_disorder.htm Lamberg, L. (1989, July). Voyeurs in the kingdom of sleep. Health, 69. Mann, D. (2003, March). Bizarre sleep disorders. Retri ved March 5, 2003, from http://content.health.msn.com/content/article/61/67436.htm Montegomery, L. (2002, April). An unusual sleep disorder. RN, 41-43. Montgomery, L. Haynes, L. C. (2001, August). What every nurse needs to know about Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Sevices, retrieved March 12, 2003, from Morgenthaler, T.I., Silber, M.H. (2002, July). Amnestic sleep-related eating disorder associated with zolpidem. Sleep Medicine, 323-327. Smith, S., Pilnik, L. (Febuary 2003). The eating habit that almost ruined my life. Redbook, 96-97.

Introducing Speech of UHCL Student

I introduce myself as ________ currently employed as a _______- The right information and the means to use it intelligently can provide an organization an edge over its competitors. Businesses are increasingly looking towards technology not only to realize their short term goals but also to place them strategically for their long term success. This strategy and smart application of technology in Business Processes captivates me.As the process of globalization has reached the frontiers of business, education and technology; it is the only indispensable way for the global organizations to face the challenges of the ever evolving field of technology. I aspire, therefore, to pursue Masters in Management Information Systems at your esteemed University. Throughout my education, I always exhibited a high level of competency and proficiency in my schooling as well as my under graduation.Having scored excellent scores in my higher secondary education, I went on to equip myself with an undergr aduate degree in Instrumentation and Control Engineering, at GNITS, Hyderabad. My career curriculum enhanced my knowledge in subjects like C Programming, Data Structures, Control Systems, Neural Networks, Analytical Instrumentation, Microprocessors, Management Science and Digital Signal Processing. It was during this period that my teachers instilled in me a strong inclination towards Information Management and Computer Programming.During my final year undergraduate course, I presented my project on ‘Color Image Recognition Using Neural Networks'. My project involved coding a programme using MATLAB technology which solves a pattern recognition problem and has a relevance to the filed of Medical Diagnostics, Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing. As an undergraduate student I also organized an ISTE student chapter symposium, quizzo and mini-project competition. This was made a possibility owing to my excellence in communication skills, technical know-how, analytical aptitude and an intelligent outlook.After my undergraduate education, the strong desire to understand the business process and the requirements of the industry propelled me to accept an employment before pursuing graduate studies. My employment as a Software Engineer at Accenture, a global fortune 500 company, demonstrates my overall aptitude.I found this to be a very good opportunity to gain training and real time work experience in the Information Management domain with primary focus on DW/BI – Data warehousing/ Business Intelligence. Having worked for over 2.5+ years, now I have gained good knowledge on the overall SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), picked up a few additional skills like Data Modeling techniques, SQL/PLSQL, and experienced with different flavors of UNIX,. This exposure to DW/BI sphere even fostered my interests further in Information Systems Management. Accenture, with its rich heritage in consulting and technology has provided me ample opportunities to gain doma in specific experience and to the ability to provide innovative BI solutions.My project in DW/BI capability was in the consumer goods and services domain for Astra Zeneca, a client, which is a leading pharmaceutical company. My project at _____ was based on an onshore – offshore operating model and it required me to interact closely with the onsite team as well as the client team. This helped me gain new insight into oracle BI tools and also resulted in a training stint at the onsite (Milan) . The time I spent Onsite, in Milan, broadened my vision, had great value additions and helped me become a fully rounded DW/BI professional.Working in the Information Management domain enabled me to gain confidence and to be appreciative of the subjects of MIS and also encouraged me to shoulder bigger responsibilities. My competency and leadership skills were rewarded by my company which awarded me with prestigious Young Achievers Award (2008) and also Best Team Award as mark of my outsta nding performance and contribution. I have done well in all my engagements and have always delivered to the utmost satisfaction of the client.I was successful in taking up Oracle vendor certifications with 100%. I feel it a privilege to have come up first in elocution, debates and other language proficiency competitions held at a district level during my school days. I also showed an aptitude towards innovative skills by participating and winning several prizes in science exhibitions and other technical events. During my under graduation I presented several technical papers which were highly appreciated. I also took active part and  volunteered for social service and community events. All these activities have helped me to develop into multifaceted personality with strong interpersonal skills.I aspire to pursue M. S. in Management Information Systems (MS-MIS) because of my strong interest in information technology and its applications to business settings. I have seen how informat ion systems can serve as a bridge between technology and business by supporting its planning, operations and critical decision making.Now through MIS program I desire to refine my skills and deliver technology-driven business solutions for global organizations to meet their strategic objectives. I believe that MIS program at University of Houston, Clear Lake will enhance my knowledge and help me greatly in attaining my career goals. Amidst the brilliant academic setting of UHCL, I desire to gain the expertise and eventually make an indispensable contribution to the field of Information Systems. It is with sincere hope that I look forward to be a part of UHCL

Explore Dickens presentation of education in Hard Times Essay

Dickens’ presents The Victorian education system in ‘Hard Times’ in a fundamentally negative way, Dickens’ expresses the idea that having an imaginative aspect to our education is essential. He does this through satirising the education system and mocking the characters. Throughout the novel, it is a purpose of Dickens being satirical towards the education system. Dickens opens the novel with a satirical description of Thomas Gradgrind and his utilitarian educational methods as he teaches the room full of students â€Å"Facts alone are wanted in life† (9) Dickens satirises Gradgrind’s commitment to an education comprised only of facts as Gradgrind exaggerates that facts are the only essential thing in life. â€Å"Fancy† (14) symbolises imagination and wonder compared to facts. Dickens emphasise â€Å"Fact† more than he does with â€Å"Fancy† he does this by repeating â€Å"fact† itself, sounds more forceful. Gradgrind’s view on education is his children are to never imagine or wonder. Gradgrind rejects the concept of â€Å"fancy† or imagination; ‘fancy’ has nothing to contribute to understanding; only things that can be measured are important. Gradgrind’s disapproving rant on fancy â€Å"You don’t walk upon flowers in fact† (14) to the students underlines that fancy is bad and it should be â€Å"facts!† (14) In his satirical description of Gradgrind, Dickens’ aim is of what he experienced in the industrial England during his time when education varied vastly, according to location, gender, and class, meaning that Dickens view on Utilitarianism is shown in a satirical way, and his beliefs stood out throughout the novel, this indicates how the education system was controlled. Dickens uses characters’ names to continue his satire of the utilitarian education system prevalent in Victorian Britain. Mr Gradgrind breaks into the word â€Å"Grind† as a means to crush, signifying his method of grinding down the students’ individuality and any imagination they may have entered the school with. Mr M’Choakumchild, breaks into â€Å"me, choke, child† Dickens’ exaggerates with the name as we don’t think the new teacher is literally choking the children in his care, that this Fact-obsessed creature will only choke imagination and feelings out of them. â€Å"If he had only learnt a little less, how infinitely better be he might have taught much more!† (15) This highlights that the utilitarianism system would function much better, if it were not so strung on facts. If Mr. M’Choakumchild had learnt less and been practically involved with his students more and would have taught far better. This is criticizing the way the system works. Dickens is suggesting that in the utilitarianism system, suggesting that ramming facts into students might not be the most effective way of teaching them. Not everything can be reduced to facts alone. Mr Gradgrind and Mr Bounderby are the main representations of utilitarianism and followers of the system. In Louisa’s proposed marriage to Bounderby, Dickens shows us a disastrous consequence of Gradgrind’s system that denied everything but facts. â€Å"You have been accustomed to consider every other question, simply as one of tangible Fact† (97) This illustrates that Gradgrind, who is incapable of expressing his emotions effectively toward Louisa, edges her into a marriage with Bounderby by stating various facts and statistics to her. Louisa is hesitant to communicate her feelings towards him â€Å"she returned, without any visible emotion† (96) David Lodge’s ‘How Successful Was Hard Times?’ (1981) argues that Gradgrind’s ideology in his system is questionable, Lodge explains that it is a â€Å"primary index of what is wrong with his system† Mr Bounderby is also a character with utilitarian beliefs, doubtlessly one of th e major characters that has a firm belief in the system, â€Å"you may force him to swallow boiling fat, but you shall never suppress force him to suppress the facts of his life† (23) He signifies the very essence of his ruthless principles that only has room for facts and statistics. ‘Hard Times’ outlines that a utilitarian approach to life is unsuccessful and costs those who follow their imaginations become robotic and inadequate to the system. Imagination and heart is found in the circus where Mr Bounderby and Mr Gradgrind despise â€Å"No young people have circus masters†¦ or attend circus lectures about circuses† (23) Gradgrind implies that circuses are not like a practical schoolroom. Dickens represents Sissy Jupe as an influential character of the novel who presents the value of a warm heart and embodies feelings and emotions. She is seen as a complete failure of Gradgrind’s system. However Dickens and the reader judge her as a success. The young innocent girl mocked by the teacher and presented as the â€Å"dumb† girl in the start of the novel, gradually turns out to be the most key character in the whole novel. Since the foundational significance of fact and the removal of fancy that Gradgrind’s education obli ges, Sissy Jupe will never succeed. Nevertheless, in spite of the education, Sissy becomes a young woman who is able to maintain her own principles and beliefs. The contrasting descriptions of Sissy and Bitzer are shown in their appearance. For example Sissy is described as radiant and warm â€Å"dark eyed and dark haired† (11) referring to her as someone who is the face of vitality. However Bitzer is portrayed as â€Å"what little colour he ever possessed† (11) and â€Å"His cold eyes would hardly have been eyes† (11)) Demonstrating that he is cold and emotionless with no heart and all calculation. Dickens uses Bitzer to demonstrate that other students are influenced by him, showing that he is a follower of Gradgrind’s system, whereas Sissy is the foreigner to the system. The Utilitarian education system relates to the industrial town ‘Coketown’ which consists of factories and â€Å"large streets †¦ like one another †¦ people equally like one another† (27) The town is linked to a â€Å"painted face of a savage† (27) that is described as barbaric and uncultured, the children are being deprived from the â€Å"ill-smelling dye† (27) Dickens suggests the society that the children/workers are living in is unsanitary â€Å"Jail† (28) indicating that they have no escape from their problems. The utilitarian system stamps out all imagination in the pupils and prepares them perfectly for the life of drudgery. Dickens describes as their lot as ‘hands’ in Coketown’s factories. Education presented in ‘Hard Times’ is shown as satirical in Dickensian vision of Utilitarianism. This is because Dickens is able to create a fool out of the system cunningly. Furthermore it is certain that what Dickens has presented is humorous and convincing with making the utilitarian ideology seem absurd through the novel. I find David Lodge’s argument towards Dickens opinion as liberal and potent.

Taliesin West - Organic Design in a Desert Garden

Taliesin West - Organic Design in a Desert Garden Taliesin West  began not as a grand scheme, but a simple need. Frank Lloyd Wright and his apprentices had traveled a long distance from his Taliesin school in Spring Green, Wisconsin to build a resort hotel in Chandler, Arizona. Because they were far from home, they set up camp on a stretch of the Sonoran Desert near the construction site outside of Scottsdale. Wright fell in love with the desert. He wrote in 1935 that the desert was a grand garden, with its rim of arid mountains spotted like the leopards skin or tattooed with amazing patterns of creation. Its sheer beauty of space and pattern does not exist, I think, in the world, Wright proclaimed. This great desert garden is Arizonas chief asset. Building Taliesin West The early encampment at Taliesin West contained little more than temporary shelters made of wood and canvas. However, Frank Lloyd Wright was inspired by the dramatic, rugged landscape. He envisioned an elaborate complex of buildings that would embody his concept of organic architecture. He wanted the buildings to evolve from and blend with the environment. In 1937, the desert school known as Taliesin West was launched. Following in the tradition of Taliesin in Wisconsin, Wrights apprentices studied, worked, and lived in shelters they crafted using materials native to the land. Taliesin is a Welsh word meaning shining brow. Both of Wrights Taliesin homesteads hug the contours of the earth like a shining brow on the hilly landscape. Organic Design at Taliesin West Architectural historian G. E. Kidder Smith reminds us that Wright taught his students to design in kinship with the environment, admonishing students, for instance, not to build on top of a hill in dominance, but beside it in partnership. This is the essence of organic architecture. Lugging stone and sand, the students constructed buildings that seemed to grow from the earth and the McDowell Mountains. Wood and steel beams supported translucent canvas roofs. Natural stone combined with glass and plastic to create surprising shapes and textures. Interior space flowed naturally into the open desert. For awhile, Taliesin West was a retreat from the harsh Wisconsin winters. Eventually, air conditioning was added and students stayed through the fall and spring. Taliesin West Today At Taliesin West, the desert is never still. Over the years, Wright and his students made many changes, and the school continues to evolve. Today, the 600 acre complex includes a drafting studio, Wrights former architectural office and living quarters, a dining room and kitchen, several theaters, housing for apprentices and staff, a student workshop, and expansive grounds with pools, terraces and gardens. Experimental structures built by apprentice architects dot the landscape. Taliesin West is home of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, whose alumni become Taliesin Fellows. Taliesin West is also the headquarters of the FLW Foundation, a powerful overseer of Wrights properties, mission, and legacy. In 1973 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave the property its Twenty-five Year Award. On its fiftieth anniversary in 1987, Taliesin West won special recognition from the U.S. House of Representatives, which called the complex the highest achievement in American artistic and architectural expression. According to the American Institute of Architects (AIA), Taliesin West is one of 17 buildings in the United States that exemplify Wrights contribution to American architecture. Next to Wisconsin, gathering of the waters, Wright has written, Arizona, arid zone, is my favorite State. Each very different from the other, but something individual in them both not to be found elsewhere. Sources Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, pp. 197, 159Source Book of American Architecture by G. E. Kidder Smith, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 390The Future of Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright, New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953, p. 21

Propane essays

Propane essays Propane is a colorless, gaseous alkane (A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-carbon bonds). The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. It is readily liquefied by compression and cooling. Propane has a melting point of an unbelievable 189.9C and boils at just 42.2C. Propane occurs in nature in natural gas (in its dissolved form of course) in crude oil; its separated in large quantities from natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refininery gases and is commercially available as liquefied propane or as a major constituent of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Its also looked at as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Its main purpose is as a fuel. For this purpose it is sold compressed in cylinders just like you see on tankers; oil drums. When it is carried in these various shapes of cylinders it is usually mixed with other hydrocarbons, such as butane; because of the similarity they both share to each other it has great importance as a fuel for domestic and industrial uses and for inte rnal-combustion engines. It is called the third member of the paraffin series following methane and ethane. As with ethane and other paraffin hydrocarbons, propane is an important raw material for the ethylene petrochemical industry. The decomposition of propane in hot tubes to form ethylene also yields another important product, propylene. From propylene such organic chemicals as acetone and propylene glycol are derived. The oxidation of propane to such compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as acetaldehyde is also of commercial interest. People use propane for heating and cooling homes, heating water, cooking, refrigeration, drying clothes, barbecuing, lighting, and relaxing in front of the gas fireplace. More and more homes, even those found in the affluent outskirts of metropolitan areas, are being built to use propanesupplied discreetly, almost invisibly, from the underground tanks. And where soil conditions or terrain ma...

Definition and Examples of Word Words in English

Definition and Examples of Word Words in English Definition Word word is a term coined by Paul Dickson to describe a word or name thats repeated to distinguish it from a seemingly identical word or name. A more formal term for a word word is duplicate reduplication,  lexical cloning, or  contrastive focus reduplication. See Contrastive Focus Reduplication in English (The Salad-Salad Paper), by Jila Ghomeshi et al., (Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22: 2004).     See Examples and Observations below. Also see: DisambiguationAntistasisHomographHomophonePloceReduplicativeRepetitionSemantic Satiation Examples and Observations There are situations in which it is necessary to repeat a word in order to make sure someone knows what you are talking about. For instance, you might be asked, Are you talking about an American Indian or an Indian Indian? Or Oh, youre talking about grass grass. I thought you were talking about grass.From what I have been able to determine, there is no word for this phenomenon, and word word seemed to be a logical name to give it.(Paul Dickson, Words: A Connoisseurs Collection of Old and New, Weird and Wonderful, Useful and Outlandish Words. Dell, 1983) School-School[T]he writer, the person who knows the importance of holidays, clarifies: I dont mean school-school, I mean fun-learning!(Ho Chee Lick, Values and Daily Discursive Practices. Text in Education and Society, ed. by Desmond Allison et al. Singapore University  Press, 1998) Murder MurderHave you ever murdered anyone?Is this a philosophical question?I dont mean warfare. I mean murder, murder.(Kathryn Miller Haines, Winter in June: A Rosie Winter Mystery. HarperCollins, 2009) Soap SoapSoap gumdrops, soap cigars, soap pickles, soap chocolates, and even a bar of soap soap that dyed its user an indelible blue made life exciting for the friends of a Johnson Smith addict.(Jean Shepherd, A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Random House, 1981) Commitment and CommitmentIn relationships, theres commitment and commitment, the kind  that involves a license, usually some kind of religious blessing and a ceremony in which every one of your close friends and relatives watches you and your partner promise to stay together until one of you dies.(Aziz Ansari, Everything You Thought You Knew About L-o-v-e Is Wrong. Time, June 15, 2015) Woman-WomanThe crux of [Federica Monysenys] feminist message was that each and every woman should fulfill her own potential as a unique individual, as a woman-woman, not as a masculinized woman-man nor as a feminine woman-female.(Catherine Davies, Spanish Womens Writing, 1849-1996. Athlone Press, 1998) Indian IndianFor an Indian Indian, there simpl y isnt any future in an Anglo-Indian world.(Duleep in the novel The Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott. Heinemann, 1966) The Real MeaningRecently, I overheard someone say: You mean hes GONE gone? This person was asking whether the chap had actually gone for good, as opposed to just ducking out for a wee while. . . .In these examples, the copied expression points to the real or true meaning of the term referred to. You can usually rephrase the whole thing using modifiers like real or really. . . . [I]nstead of Hes GONE gone, you could say Hes really gone. Usually the repetition indicates that the literal meaning is intended.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins, 2011) Noun-NouningBy repeating a noun twice, one invokes the nouns generic form, its invariant-memory form. No, I dont want blue khakis with pleats. Just give me clean generic beige khaki-khakis. Or, Officer, Ive tried to remember what kind of car the getaway car was but I cant- it was just a car-car.(Douglas Coupland, Player One: What Is to Become of Us. House of Anansi Press, 2010) The Lighter Side of Word WordsDetective Charlie Crews: The girl at Lolas, she told me that the dead shoe store guy and the hat kiosk girl are in there a lot, together.Detective Dani Reese: Together together?Detective Charlie Crews: Together together.(Damian Lewis and Sarah Shahi, Black Friday. Life, 2008)

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated Essay

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated - Essay Example Indeed, I will extend my warm welcome to my partner in the Community Based Organisation (CBO) who will be bringing a potential funder to the Saturday Academy the following day. There is every need to meet this funder as a way of showing appreciation to this rare opportunity since he will need to catch the 11.30 am flight. Compared to attending the daughter’s basketball tournament, this opportunity to meet the potential funder will go a long way towards development of my career as both administrator and leader. Indeed, there is every need to be devoted to work and show commitment especially during the period of crisis where the institution you are running is facing critical challenges such as budget cuts instead of choosing to pursue personal luxury activities which will leave you exposed once you miss the perfect opportunity of getting the much needed assistance. I will also take the opportunity to engage the parents who represent the graduation committee since these are very important stakeholders in the running of the school and cannot in any way object to their proposal but would happily give them a nod to engage the photographer. The occasion of graduation is historic such that it has to be recorded in true fashion. It can be suicidal to delegate my second assistant principal to attend to such important scheduled meetings as this would reflect a negative attitude of my leadership qualities. Such important business which affects the overall running of the institution requires the head to be present as this would show commitment to the school as well as reflect positive leadership traits. In this particular case, the issue of great concern to me is the need to get funding for the institution since this would make it relatively easier to run it. Almost all activities at school require some funding to ensure its smooth running. The first three things I need to do as the principal include the following: instil discipline among students and members of staff,

A report based on an international HRM case study Essay

A report based on an international HRM case study - Essay Example Moreover, an analysis of recruitment as well as training policies of both of these societies has been performed. Furthermore, payment and reward procedure as well as structure are indentified in both of these societies. All these analyses will assist the HRM of the company in determining the best location among a particular Scandinavian country and the US in relation to cultural values as well as recruitment and training process along with payment and rewards. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Cultural Values 5 Recruitment and Training 9 Payment and Reward 13 Recommendations and Conclusion 14 References 16 Introduction An electronics company is planning to establish a manufacturing plant. The company develops electronics to be utilised by the mobile phone industry worldwide. Moreover, the company is required to decide the suitable location for setting up its manufacturing plant. The company has planned to develop its manufacturing unit either in the United States of America (USA) or in a Scandinavian country which comprises Norway, Denmark, Sweden as well as Finland. As a Human Resource Manager (HRM) of the company, decisions are required to be proposed for better implementation of HR polices as well as practices. Furthermore, with better HR policies as well as practices, local employees of these two regions will be managed as well as be recruited for effective performance of the company. Globalisation and advancement of technology have increased competition in the global market. Moreover, with intense competition, HRMs of companies have acquired an important place to perform business operations both at national as well as in international markets in an effective manner (Edward & Rees, 2007). Furthermore, HRMs of companies are required to be managed efficiently as well as channelize in the right procedures to operate business operations with effectiveness (Kondalkar, 2007). Human Resource Management (HRM) provides policies as well as procedures for managing as well as directing employees in order to accomplish goals of a company effectively. HRM of the companies are involved with recruiting as well as selecting appropriate individuals for performing business operations of in an efficient manner (Harzing & Pinnington, 2010). Moreover, with effective HRM policies as well as procedures, employees of companies are facilitated with better training facilities as well as are motivated towards improving their performance (Johnson, 2009). The report will emphasize on the cultural values of the societies discussed i.e. Scandinavia and the USA in terms of especially employment practices. Moreover, recruitment practices to be followed by the company as well as the extent of training facilities required to be provided to the employees of these countries will also be recognised through the report. Furthermore, the most common payment as well as reward systems prevalent in the USA and in Scandinavian countries will also be observed. The report based on the overall assessment will emphasize on determining the most suitable location for establishing the manufacturing plant for the electronics company. Cultural Values The US is multicultural society where people of the society believe in equality. The US comprises varied races as well as cultures. Moreover, the culture of the country believes in ethnicity as well as the country is considered to be the third largest country

Adult learning theory and practice Research Paper

Adult learning theory and practice - Research Paper Example s deemed to be integral for eradicating the issue of interpersonal communication and thus the students need to be highly sensitive over eradicating the communication gap and differences. Thus, the aspect of utilizing the transformational theory of learning can make the students to become sensitive over other behaviors and likewise improve the communication process. Moreover, with the combination of reflection and discourse, the students can be able to shift their perceptions about learning new objects or things. Specially mentioning, with the approach of this theoretical aspect, the students will certainly become task-oriented and determine effective cause and effect relationship (Kitchenham, 2010; Blackwell 2008). Correspondingly, in order to ensure and induce proper learning within the students, teachers need to understand the challenges and difficulties in an efficient manner. Thus, in this regard, it can be affirmed that with the use of Kegans theory, the teachers can unfold the ways of organizing experiences towards supporting the students in growing by themselves (Townsend & MacBeath, 2011). On the other hand, psychological theory or concept tends to resolve the issues that face by the students during learning. Besides, with the approach of psychological attachment, an inherent relationship amid the students can be brought up within the learning environment towards working with utmost efficiency and obtaining mutual benefits (Arnold & Yeomans, 2005; Jarvis,