Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge and Frank Norris McTeague Ess

Thomas venturesomes The Mayor of Casterbridge and wiener Norris McTeagueThomas dauntless and Frank Norris are artists, painting portraits of men filled with character, that is distraught with regression. The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Thomas Hardy is a powerful and searching fable. Frank Norris McTeague is a financial support of the animalistic pursuit of empty dreams. Both authors withhold the protagonists of their dreams, in a grotesque world, which provides no sign of escape. Each emphasizes themes of greed and devolution, while carefully enlarge character portraits. Both Hardy and Norris broadcast a network of symbolism to enhance the meaning of their works. Hardy and Norris use of complex character portraits, simplistic settings and get it on subplots employ correlating themes of decay and provide similar and contrasting insights into their novels. The settings of both novels are based in small simple structured towns. Each take graze during the post-Victorian era. Both au thors base their novels within these small towns and avoid the introduction of a new setting. The development of a single setting story allows for both Hardy and Norris to manifest a greater complexity in the protagonists plight. In McTeague, All the needed data are given at the start, and the chief(prenominal) action-except the ending-glows out of the data no face is withheld to allow the story to take an unexpected twist, and the facts are given mean what they purport to mean (Frohock 10). The Mayor of Casterbridge in addition follows the setting structure of a small town filled with all the necessary elements for Henchards undulating character progression. It is unique that both authors focus solely upon ane small town, both only escaping its confides once, either in the very beginning or in the end. Both Hardy and Norris spin a complex weathervane of symbols, characters and love subplots within their settings. The Mayor of Casterbridge opens with a drunken Michael Henchard s elling his wife and child to a sailor. The next day he rises feeling remorse for his actions, he seeks them, yet they are gone. Henchard eventually winds up in the simple town of Casterbridge. Here he seeks to create a sense of justice for the tragic geological fault which is the result of his moral weakness (Gibson 97). Eighteen years pass and Henchard has cycled to the top of his wheel of fortune, his is a successful businessm... ...tings, love subplots and brilliant inelaborate character portraits, Hardy and Norris create ascendent themes of naturalistic literature. Hardys works are a balance of Darwinism and prudishness. He refused to deny his characters of the chilling realism of humanity. Norris illuminates the power that denies all man the ability to thrive, prehistoric animalism. Their twisted themes of decay flourish through symbolic impressions to provide works which set the astonishing tone for literature to copy Victorian prudishness. Works CitedCarpenter, Richard. T homas Hardy. C.D. Miles. 2ed edition. Boston Twayne Publishers. 1964. 89-153.Frohock, W. M. Frank Norris. 1st edition. St. Paul North Central Publishing Company. 1968. 5-39.Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy A Literary Life. third edition. New York St. Martins Press. 1996. 1-138.Hardy, Thomas. The Mayor of Casterbridge. Merriam Schuster. 4th edition. San Diego Harcourt. Brace Jovanovich Inc. 1972.Hochman, Barbra. The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller. 3rd edition. Columbia University of Missouri Press. 1988. 1-77.Norris, Frank. McTeague. Peter Brief. 3rd edition. Sand Diego Harcourt Brace Joanovich Inc. 1977.

The Alice Williamson Diary :: Diaries Journals Literature Civil War Essays

The Alice Williamson Diary To read the Civil War diary of Alice Williamson, a 16 year old girl, is to meander finished the personal, cultural and political experience of both the author and ones self. Her writing feels like a bullet ricocheted through war, time, death, literary form, femininity, youth, state, freedom and obligation. This investigation attempts to do the same(p) to touch on the many issues that arise in the mind of the reader when becoming part of the text through the act of indication. This paper will recumb no definitive claims to the absolute nub of the diary, for it has many possible interpretations, for the journey is the ultimate answer. I seek to acknowledge the fluidity of thought when reading, a fluidity which incorporates personal experience with the content of Williamsons journal. I read the journal personally- as a woman, a peer in age to Alice Williamson, a surrogate experiencialist, a writer, an academic and most of all, a modern reader unaccustomed to the personal experience of war. I read the text within a context- as a researcher versed on the period, genre, aesthetics, and to some degree the writer herself. The molding of the personal and contextual create a rich personalized textual meaning . I keep my journal hidden the script, the drawings, the color, the weight of the paper, contents I hope never to be experienced by another. My journal is intensely personal, blase and exposed. When opening the leather bound formality of Alice Williamsons journal a framework of meaning is presupposed by the readers own feelings concerning the medium. Reading someone elses diary can be, and is for myself, an voyeuristical invasion of space. The act of reading makes the private and personal into public. Yet, for Alice Williamson and many other female journalists of the Civil War period, the journal was creating a public memory of the harm that would be sustained when read by others. The knowledge of the outside reader reading of your l ife was as important as the exercise of recording for ones self creating a sense of sentimentality connecting people through emotions. (Arnold)The activity of understanding Alice Williamsons diary begins prior to reading the first word. The reader begins to identify part of the reading experience based upon their feelings on diaries themselves in the moments of suspension between knowledge of type of text and the reading of the first entry.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, pass Carroway income tax return through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters actions ending with full moral responsibility relations with their conflicts, Nick Carroway free-base that dissipated findings lead to harmful situations.In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. in short after Nick was first introduced to Daisys husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and a nonher woman from New York. Nick seemed surprise to hear this, save he unbroken quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas mail service attendants wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead runed tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rathe r than change state entang direct in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsbys relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware(predicate) of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsbys house in the afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved Nick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any(prenominal) longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisys love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick make a ratiocination to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisys home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to gull over t hings, and wreak sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken.F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby essays research papers In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway proceeds through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters actions ending with full moral responsibility dealing with their conflicts, Nick Carroway found that immoral decisions lead to harmful situations.In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. Sh ortly after Nick was first introduced to Daisys husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and another woman from New York. Nick seemed surprised to hear this, yet he kept quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas station attendants wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead remained tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rather than becoming involved in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsbys relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsbys house in the afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved N ick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisys love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick made a decision to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisys home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to watch over things, and make sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken.

Digging For a Living :: Digging for Living

Digging For a Living   In his poem Digging, Seamus Heaney describes a unique relationship between a boy and his father.  Their relationship closely relates to the one I have with my father.  Throughout the poem, the poets pen is contrasted with the fathers spade, using each as a symbol of their vocation and background.  Along the same run alongs, the relationship between my father and myself can be expressed through my keyboard and his pencil.  Heaneys poem tells of a boy and his father who have different callings for their career.  The father has worked on the familys farm his entire life, digging up potatoes and keeping up the farm.  The poet describes his fathers digging, as the title infers, with alliteration from the line Under my window, a clean rasping sound when the spade sinks into gravely ground My father, digging (3-5).  The poet, on the other hand, would much rather be makeup stories or novels than out in the field doing manual l abor all day.  The father pad of paper physically with his hands while on the contrary, the son digs mentally with his brain.  Heaney uses a spade to symbolize the fathers ambitions, thus, representing his farm work.  He metaphorically describes the sons writing with the passage, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests (29-30).  My father and I share the same type of relationship that Heaney and his father have in the poem.  My father is an architect and designs buildings for a living.  He spends most of his day at his skeleton table, sketching plans for new buildings.  On the other hand, I have a job that involves using computers most of the day.  He uses his pencil to get the job done, while I use my keyboard to get the job done.  When I was younger, he always wanted me to be an architect with him, but now he accepts the fact that I am not going to be an architect because I have a sufficient job in the computer field. Throughout H eaneys poem, diction highlights certain rowing and phrases that require extra emphasis.  For example, in the line The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly, the words chosen intensely shock the meaning (10-1).  Lug, shaft and levered all intensify the line.  Furthermore, most of the words are parts of a gun, which is another metaphor used.

Exercise Addiction Essay -- Exercise Dependence

Exercise is often thought of in a positive light. It is common belief in todays society that a healthy diet and a regular exercise routine will lead to a long, healthy life. And in the simplest sense of the word, it will. It has been a tried and true method to control and lose weight, lift a persons mood, boost energy, combat a variety of health conditions and diseases, levy better sleep patterns, and even increase libido. (Mayo Clinic, July 23, 2011). So with all of these being possible and probable benefits of working out, why would it possibly be any thing other than penny-pinching? Certainly, something with so many benefits cant be a bad thing? However, we may overlook the fact that it is like any good thing in excess it can become dangerous very quickly. In society, there ar increasingly more athletes that are pushing themselves so securely to the point they are making themselves sick. Whatever happened to exercising for simple joy, or competing because of a lo ve for sport? The motivations behind an individuals exercise habits are directly related to whether they develop an addiction. There is even a term for this over exercising phenomenon Exercise Addiction, or Exercise Dependence. Exercise dependence is a craving that a person would experience, manifesting itself in the form of compulsiveness in relation to exercise behaviour. It can show in physiological symptoms, such as withdrawal, or psychological signs like anxiety and depression. (Hausenblaus, Downs. 2000). Some of these psychological symptoms can be observed in anyone who is competitive and/or elite in their elect sport, but it may not necessarily mean that they are addicted. It is not nearly as likely to see such behaviours in accommodate exe... ...iate control that they are more at risk for addiction. Research still needs to clarify many facets of this affliction, so that the general public can doorway and be educated on the topic. If this is achieved, the in cidence of exercise addiction should decrease, and eventually become just a shadow of its current state. Works Citedhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751359/http//drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/brain.htmlhttp//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32573781/ns/health-fitness/t/runners-high-can-turn-real-addiction/.Ttg0LPLTpMYhttp//www.anorexiaathletica.com/Carroll, D., S. Rodgers, I. Cockerill, and D. Bamber. symptomatic Criteria for Exercise Dependence in Women. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Oct. 2003. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. .

Exercise Addiction Essay -- Exercise Dependence

Exercise is often thought of in a positive light. It is common belief in todays society that a reasoned diet and a regular exercise routine will lead to a long, healthy life. And in the simplest sense of the word, it will. It has been a tried and true method acting to control and lose weight, lift a someones mood, boost energy, combat a variety of health conditions and diseases, promote better sleep patterns, and dismantle increase libido. (Mayo Clinic, July 23, 2011). So with all of these being possible and probable benefits of working out, why would it possibly be anything other than good? Certainly, something with so many benefits mucklet be a bad thing? However, we may overlook the fact that it is bid any good thing in excess it usher out become dangerous very quickly. In society, there are increasingly more(prenominal) athletes that are pushing themselves so hard to the point they are making themselves sick. Whatever happened to exercising for simple joy, or competing because of a love for sport? The motivations behind an individuals exercise habits are directly related to whether they give away an addiction. There is even a term for this over exercising phenomenon Exercise Addiction, or Exercise Dependence. Exercise dependence is a craving that a person would experience, manifesting itself in the form of compulsiveness in relation to exercise behaviour. It can show in physiological symptoms, such as withdrawal, or psychological signs like anxiety and depression. (Hausenblaus, Downs. 2000). Some of these psychological symptoms can be observed in anyone who is competitive and/or elite in their chosen sport, but it may not necessarily mean that they are addicted. It is not nearly as likely to see such behaviours in moderate exe... ...iate control that they are more at risk for addiction. Research still needs to clarify many facets of this affliction, so that the general public can access and be educated on the topic. If this is achieved, the incidence of exercise addiction should decrease, and eventually become just a shadow of its current state. Works Citedhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751359/http//drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/brain.htmlhttp//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32573781/ns/health-fitness/t/runners-high-can-turn-real-addiction/.Ttg0LPLTpMYhttp//www.anorexiaathletica.com/Carroll, D., S. Rodgers, I. Cockerill, and D. Bamber. Diagnostic Criteria for Exercise Dependence in Women. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Oct. 2003. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. .

Stephen King Ars Poetica on Horror

Danse Macabre, he views Lovecraft as a major impact in the field of dark abuse fiction writing and excessively acknowledges the fact that queen himself considered him as a major source of inspiration, which was embedded In his style of writing. When he reminisces about how he got Introduced to the musical genre, he states that his first pick out of the countless texts happened to be one of Lovecrafts short stones. King mentions, that although gentlemans gentlem either consider this writer as a hack. hat could be clearly seen from his writings is that the man himself took his drill eriously* (Danse Macabre 1 17), Based on the excellent horror whole kit and boodle that Lovecraft produced, Stephen King sh ars the belief, that the most powerful horrors could only work, if the reader felt the burden of the size of the universe and the contradictory size of one individual, and these working implied such not mentioned forces so powerful, that they could destroy us all If they so muc h as grunted In their sleep (Danse Macabre 80).This, as a matter of fact, Is the basis for all xenophobic tales and serves as a basis tor creating the scary atmosp here(predicate) and which Lovecraft efers to as cosmic fear. We have established that a working piece of macabre is one that has the ability to create a connection with our feeling of fear. However, this crumbnot stand by itself and it is the writers responsibility to portray these embodiments.A great amount of imagination is essential from the readers part for the piece of horror to work, King however looks at imagination both as a blessing and a curse (Danse Macabre x), since people with a massive Imagination ar the sanest, most down-to-earth people, they are clear on the dangers posed on our everyday Ilfe rom almost any direction. King refers to this phenomenon as seeing in darker spectrums (Danse Macabre x), which is a healthy outlook on the world, healthier than the so-called ostrich policy, where one acts as if th e problem is non-existent.That is wherefore he Jokingly mentions readers of horror as sick, but lively puppies (Danse Macabre x). pass judgment the fact that threats are all around us one makes it easier to go on with manner, since this can be viewed as accepting our mortality and not macrocosm clouded by delusions of Invlnclblllty. However, merely reallzlng the dangers Is not ufficient, one has to watch out not to go to extremes beca utilise neither could work, both ends of the extreme reject something vitally grave to our everyday life.That is why it is Imperative to find a balance between reality and imagination. And since readers of horror have a pretty st able mindset notwithstanding the topics they are reading about, we can give with King when he calls readers of horror saner the average person (Danse Macabre Why Horror Is Needed To some goal every person needs horror In their life according to King. He believes that by exposing ourselves to unreal and fearful scenario s through different media, e utilise a therapy that is most beneficial to our healthy mindset.King mentions in his foreword of his short story collection Night Shift, that many view the love of horror as an unhealthy obsession. He calls it slowing down and looking at the accident syndrome (3), because people are curious by nature, always looking for stories and answers, even though they may not find one. And when the time comes that one has to Tina tne answer, It may not De solved alone.I nat Is wny Klng says tnat norror fiction is a safety valve, a kind of dreaming awake (Danse Macabre x), which style hat it is used to let pressure out, since as he says the world of our normal lives looks ever so much better when the bad dream ends. We exact refuge in progress to terrors, we know evil is lurking around and seeing it come to life reassures us of the fact, that we are not paranoid and there are other people out there who think alike about the dangers in our everyday lives. It is a battle one has to fght with a real life emotion by oneself.But a horror fiction can only work if the reader is personally touched. They grope into our subconscious minds, and find the things so rattling(a) we annot articulate them and confront them (Danse Macabre xi), which is in Stephen Kings opinion a definition of horror of good quality and what every artist should strive to achieve when creating a tale that was meant to scare. By stimulating our psychological pressure point (Danse Macabre 86) as he calls it ordinarily in connection with our own mortality writers faculty be able to evoke the type of fear that King is trying to describe.This however has to be done not on a direct level, but with the use of symbols in the horror piece. The writers strive to create a dream-like tmosphere in hopes of illustrating or recreating the nature of their problem in the readers mind. Dreams are volatile forms of coping, unless it hits the pressure points, the impact might not be as de ep and it might be forgotten in a short amount of time. As King puts it A great horror story is one that functions on a symbolic level, using fictional (and sometimes supernatural) events to help us understand our own deepest real fears (Danse Macabre xi).He emphasizes understand here and avoids saying know, because if one is introduced to it without actually having the roper background explained one would lack the ability to confront it or would not be able to come up with a plan to tackle it. Only supernatural elements, however, make it harder for the reader to exercise their suspension of disbelief another essential tool has to be integrated, which is no(prenominal) other than realistic elements. In his book King mentions, that he particularly remembers a movie, which had a great impact on him The Blair Witch Project.Since it is a movie, it has visuals to work with as well as music, and although it was made with a small budget, it looked and it felt eal, according to King. Altho ugh in the movie itself there is not much action and we do not see the witch, Just by placing it in a very realistic environment, it made the film believably true, further supporting the idea of world as a ground for suspense. But making a good horror is hard, since the genre and the audience are unalterablely changing in the superstar that new topics need to be introduced every once in a while.Horror writing is a very volatile and delicate form of art, says King, and it is in constant need of innovation. What worked once may not work again, catching ightning in a bottle, revisiting the same ideas may wear out after a time (Danse Macabre xii). As time passes the object of peoples fears are changing, while at the same time it stays the same on an instinctive level, that is why horror writers need to invent new ways to make us fear the unknown and to let us indulge in its dark atmosphere.Horror works on two levels gross-out level, meaning the distasteful images and the horrid monst ers in the tale, and on a more potent level, describing horror as a kind of dance, a slow rhythmic search for our deepest level of emotions, he simple and brutally plane hole of a Stone Age cave-dweller (Danse Macabre 218). I nls Is Daslcally slmllar to wnat LovecraTt was trylng to explaln In nls essay, tne instinctive fear that has been present since people exist.So we can conclude that the definition of a real danse macabre is when the creator of a horror story is able to unite the conscious and the subconscious mind with one potent idea, usually with a dash of realism and an equal amount of supernatural used, so that the readers can still rely on their suspension of disbelief. Is Horror Art? We have established, that for a good horror to be written, many elements have to be in place. And that raises the question is horror a form of art.Although this is a yes- no question, the answer to this is not as simple as it looks like. Not every piece of this genre can be viewed as a form o f art, because several elements have to work together to create a good horror story. King goes ahead and claims that since it was composed like a piece of music or painting, and it was looking for something that would predate art phobic pressure points (Danse Macabre 18), then we can safely all horror an art form. This point of view might be a bit biased King himself admits that he is an avid fan of the genre.He does agree with the fact that some narratives are not as well thought out as they should be, but he does not mention that by doing so, they are failing to fulfill their primary purpose of introducing readers to their own fears. Carroll on the other hand has a more critical approach on the subject he agrees that it might as well be an artistic genre, but generalization of it should be avoided (38). He calls horror a concept with fuzzy and perhaps develop oundaries, which basically suggests that it does not require a tight definition.We could try and categorize horror by how well it exerts the phobic pressure point idea. Most works are able to find the so-called national phobic pressure points which as the name suggests, is not aimed at the individual, it is experienced on a grander casing -, most successful pieces of horror media always plays upon and express fears which exist across a wide spectrum of people, fears often political, economic, and psychological rather than supernatural. In connection to this phenomenon King entions the time, when the movie version of Invasion of the Body Snatchers came out.The motion picture had come out at the time of the Red Scare, when people were afraid that their close friends or even relatives might be communists. The movie tells the story of an everyday American little town, with everyday American people who are slowly being replaced by pod-people, who look and act like the switched humans. We can see the parallelism between the two and although Finney, whose book was the one that got adapted into film format, claimed that the story itself was written ithout any intent of a political undertone.But because of the timing, it has emerged as one of the most well-known horror tales. Another example of well-timed symbolism that has affected big audiences would be the emerging of the zombie culture. Taking a look at the historical overview, we can determine that this fad has been gaining ground since the terrorist-scare in America. The image of ruthless, animalistic, seemingly unbeatable beings that only know how to kill and hunt people without remorse would be exactly how the American government tries to depict errorists.We can agree that applying pressure on the national phobic pressure points work, still, King raises an interesting paradox about the issue it is a generally accepted idea that negative emotions are usually associated with mob instincts, when in reality these are what drive wedges between individuals, and then we are lett alone wltn our Tears, ana In Tact tney ao not unlte us. Yurtnermore ne asks wny we need make-believe horror when there is so much real horror going on in life (Danse Macabre 27).Or putting it another way why people need stories of isintegration, Just to, by outletting our pent up emotions, bring them back to a constructive state again. The answer is right there in the question, to help people cope with the harshness of reality in the form of entertainment. this feeling of reintegration, arising from a field specializing in death, fear, and monstrosity, that makes a danse macabre so recognize and magical that, and the boundless ability of the human imagination to create endless dream worlds and then put them to work (Danse Macabre 28) explains Stephen King why he chose this particular media to express himself.

Public Administration Dichotomy

imagination MATERIAL SERIES No. 56 COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE place stickting OF SINGAPORE Jarmal Singh* I. INTRODUCTION capital of Singapore has grown in many ways everywhere the last 40 years to become a city-state that enjoys a high-pitched level of economic growth, political st competency and most autho b unrivalled updly, a sense datum of rubber eraser and security. It was not a smooth journey, as the country experienced its dissolute periods in the 1950s and the 1960s, characterised by problems of political instability, communist insurgency, secret societies, unemployment and communal riots.Today, Singapores offence rate is first-class honours degree by international standards and has declined in turn for 9 years from 1989 till 1997. Crime rate has unaccompanied edged up slightly by 5. 2% in 1998 when the absolute South eastbound Asia region plunged into financial and economic crisis. The rise was mostly attributed to theft of handphones and cash cards, and immigra tion offences. Amidst the rapid modernisation of society, much of the transformation from the old curse-ridden town to a safe city today can be attributed to the Singaporean governments tough stance towards criminals and criminality in the form of strict laws and life-threatening penalties.A fragment from the strict laws and rigorous enforcement, the improvement of the kindly and economic situation help oneselfed to control nuisance. Over the past 15 years, the Singapore practice of law Force (SPF) has do both significant innovations in the atomic number 18a of policing in light of social and economic changes. The first be the introduction * Deputy Director Operations, Police Headquarters, Singapore Police Force, Re world of Singapore. of a connection-based policing strategy through the Neighbourhood Police Post (NPP) strategy in 1983 and the shift towards community-foc practiced policing through the creation of Neighbourhood Police Centres (NPCs) in 1997.Prior to 1983, policing strategies were reactive in nature. Police services were dispensed centr exclusivelyy, mainly through the 8 law station existing at the time. distributively practice of law station served a very large area and these areas were patrolled by cars. Impacted by urbanisation, social and economic transformations, the police were faced with upgrade evil and a loss of bothday contact and support. The SPF then realised the importance of fostering surrounding(prenominal) police-community relations in an effort to prevent crime.By re-orienting a patrol strategy that was skewed towards the motorised mode to one that was community oriented and emphasised foot patrol, it is matte up that the police could create a heightened sense of presence and visibility to deter crimes. The Neighbouhood Police Post (NPP) administration, adapted from the Japanese Koban System, was introduced in 1983. Eight NPPs were set up as a pilot in a constituency, with a view to assess the impact and co nquest of the system in Singapores environment. The trial was a success. By 1993, the entire set of 91 NPPs was set up subvert-to-end the island.This was accompanied by falling crime and increased sense of safety and security amongst the public. However, in view of rising expectations of both the public and police ships officers, and the need to portion out new challenges arising 126 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 56 IV. SPFS ADOPTION OF THE COMMUNITY POLICING outline The key strategic driver for the SPFs adoption of the community-oriented policing model was to establish and leverage community support for our own law enforcement policies and strategies in the face of a changing direct environment. The key changes in the operating environment were as fol first gears.A. Increasing Crime Trend (1974 to 1983) Firstly, although the crime rate in Singapore was low by world standards, there was a disturbing trend of an overall increase in all types of crime (except violent property c rimes) for the period 1974 to 1983. analysis revealed that 70% of much(prenominal) crimes were house-breaking, theft of vehicles, and robbery which could have been prevented. The promotion of community-oriented policing would help the SPF to battle crime, as improved policepublic relationships should result in a higher level of crime prevention awareness and greater public co-operation with the police.B. Change in Population Distribution Secondly, the population distribution was changing. In the 1960s, before the creation of the lodging outgrowth Board (HDB), the bulk of Singapores population was concentrated in the centre of the city. However, as a result of the HDB success in providing low cost public lodgment, close 84% of Singapores population shifted from the city area to new towns and estates all over the island. These new public housing estates comprised mainly of high rise buildings and these lessened the opportunities for the public to interact with the police.The SPF could no longer simply rely on the 8 divisional police stations for efficient and speedy service. There was a pressing need to develop a new, efficient response system that could cope with the changing operating environment and at the same time, offer opportunities for meaningful police-public interaction in a densely populated, urban environment. This spurred the SPF to develop the decentralised system of the NPP to serve the needs of the urban population better. C. Rising Public Expectations Thirdly, the general population was increasingly affluent and educated. This raised two challenges for the SPF.One was to meet rising public expectations of the police service. The an separate(prenominal) was stiff competition from the public and private sectors for quality recruits. The nature and prospects of police work was deemed by the younger generation as comparatively unappealing. conjunction-oriented policing addressed these two challenges by raising the quality of police services through attracting better quality officers seeking line of work challenge and satisfaction in the advanced job scope. D. Learning From the Japanese Koban System At this stage, the SPF was in search of a successful community policing model.This was found in the form of the Japanese Koban (or police post) system. In Japan, the high crime clearance rate of 60% was due to the desire and co-operation that the public had with the police. Statistics overly indicated that 80% of the Japanese public readily provided nurture to help the police arrest offenders. The desire to learn from the Japanese experience and to emulate the success of the Koben system led to the institutionalisation of community policing as the new policing strategy and doctrine of the SPF. 28 112TH internationalistic TRAINING COURSE see EXPERTS PAPERS V. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICE POST (NPP) SYSTEM A. adopt Team In November 1981, a aggroup up of Japanese experts was invited to help implement the Koban System in S ingapore. The Koban system was to be adapted for use in the Singaporean environment, with varying social settings and attitudes of the populace. With the recommendation of the Study Te a m t o e s t a b l i s h o n e N P P p e r constituency, 8 NPPs were first established on 1 June 1983 in the 8 onstituencies in one police division. The second phase of implementation began with the setting up of several NPPs in two other police divisions. Positive public response to the NPP system lead to the acceleration of the final implementation phase ending in December 1994. There are now 91 NPPs throughout the island. One division was merged with neighbouring divisions so that manpower saved could be deployed to the frontline, to meet the needs of the new system. B.Purpose of the NPP system The NPP system was implemented in Singapore with the following objectives To i m p r o v e p o l i c e c o m m u n i t y relations in Singapore To prevent and suppress crime through the co-operation of a nd support from the community and To project a better police image and win the confidence of the public in the police with more community-oriented services. C. substructure / Location NPPs are the most familiar police contacts of the community within their neighbourhood.They are kept small to be personal, but big enough to halt an impact in the community. The area of coverage of each(prenominal) NPP is based largely on the political boundaries. The average population covered by each NPP is some 35,000. Being the most familiar police contacts, the NPPs have been located where their services will be demanded most. Factors such as the number of households and population are taken into consideration in setting up and locating NPPs, to reach out to the widest possible section of the population. D. Oganisational Structure A NPP is manned by a team of about 12 29 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS in crime prevention. Another effect of the NPP system is the decentralisation of police functions from the divisional level to neighbourhood level. The police at the frontline are more authorise with greater autonomy and discretion to discharge their duties. This has expedited police response to crime incidents and improved quality service. The decentralisation principle has also enabled the police to penetrate deeper into the society and thereby effectively pre-empt criminogenic conditions.It is possible for the police to tap valuable information about the people and the conditions that are causing criminality. Community policing has shifted its emphasis from car patrols to foot and bicycle patrolling. Together with house visits, this has brought the police very much closer to the community. The increased visibility of the police in the neighbourhoods has helped to deter crimes and eliminate the general fear of crime in society. This is also noted in the decreasing crime rates each year.With community policing, the public has also become mo re aware of its role and debt instrument in crime prevention and detection. The number of public-assisted arrests had steadily increased from 33. 6% in 1992 to 34. 8% in 1993 and 36. 1% in 1994. That is about 1/3 of the total arrests made The close co-operation is not only reflective of the high level of public spiritedness but also the evolving league between the public and the police in crime busting. The SPF has strengthened the trust of the public in the police.Two surveys conducted in 1987 and 1991 confirmed that NPPs have created more and closer contact with the public NPP system has increased the confidence of the general public in the police NPP system has had a positive impact on the image of the police. Community policing and the NPP system has brought the police services to the community, helped Singapore achieve a low crime environment, and enabled SPFs to reach out to the public. There is ample evidence that the community policing strategy and the NPP system in Si ngapore is a success.The 1996 ball-shaped Competitiveness Report ranks Singapore the safest city in the world in terms of its residents confidence that their person and property are protected. VII. twist ON THE COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGY The NPP based system of community policing has served the SPF well for 14 years from 1983 to 1997. In 1996, the SPF initiated a review of its operational strategy. The review was driven by the realisation that the future would not be built through perfecting the past, no matter how successful it had been.More importantly, the SPF must curb that the success of the NPP system itself does not become a limiting force that stifles growth and innovation in meeting new policing challenges and public needs. As the SPF enters the new millennium, being the furbish up provider of policing services, the placement owes its fellow citizens to further improve the already low-crime environment and strive to make Singapore even safer than it already is. Polic ing must be make smarter and more effectively than before. It is also clear in the SPFs vision to become a strong service organisation by 31 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 56 making continuous improvement to work processes to meet rising public expectations. At the same time, the SPF wants to offer every officer within the organisation a more enriching job scope and experience that stretches the officers abilities and helps maximise their potential. Since the implementation of the NPP system, the SPF has retained its traditional, reactive policing capabilities (namely, closely response patrols and investigation teams) in its 7 land divisions.Only the 91 NPPs that report to these police divisions have evolved along the direction of developing community-based policing capabilities. Community-based policing has also been down incrementally over the past 14 years. One recent innovation is the doctrine of problem-solving, under which NPPs initiate the resolution of certain community law and order problems that turn off from simple systemic causes. The problem-solving approach makes community policing more effective because it is proactive and pools the whole community together in a concerted effort to ensure a safe, recreationful and cohesive society.An event of a good problem-solving case is that by Hong Kah South NPP. The NPP used to receive many complaints about coffee-shop patrons consuming beer, later midnight, even when the coffee-shops in question were closed. Residents complained about the incessant noise pullution, littering, vandalism (often vulgar words written on walls), urinating in public places, and fighting. The coffeeshop patrons unruly behavior caused sleep deprivation to the residents, dirtied the neighbourhood and created a sense of public unease (especially to young ladies returning home late at night).Aware that repeated one-off responses to such incidents is not an operationally effective solution to the problem, Hong Kah South NPP adop ted the following solution. A. Co-operation with Coffee-shop Owners Mindful of the need to maintain good rapport and act in partnership with community resources to unfreeze topical anaesthetic community problems, Hong Kah South NPP officers sought the co-operation of the owners of the problematic coffee-shops in the following areas (1) Stop the sale of beer and start preparations to close half-an-hour before the end of the stipulated licensing time, so that ample time is given to the patrons to finish their drinks. 2) Stack up the chairs and chain them up, before closing the coffee-shop. (3) Remove all empty bottles from the tables to prevent their use as weapons. B. Dialogue Sessions with Coffeeshop Owners Based on the recommendation of Hong Kah South NPP, regular chat sessions with the coffee-shop owners are conducted at the Division Headquarters. Besides crime prevention advice and police recommendations, there is also sharing of good practices between the coffee-shop owners.T his is effective in exerting peer group pressure on the owners of problematic coffee-shops to follow the good example set by their counterparts. The above measures were successful in curbing the problem. Residents now enjoy restful nights, the neighbourhood is pristine in appearance, and a sense of peace and security prevails. 132 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS VIII. NEW OPERATING ENVIRONMENT The SPF is expected to work in an increasingly complex environment, with forces that make believe community safety and security arising from a multiplicity of causes.These complex social ills are characterised by seemingly intractable problems such as juvenile delinquency, conjugal union violence, the link between substance abuse and property crime, or the law and order problems posed by foreigners working in Singapore. The SPFs traditional appliance of effective enforcement can no longer, by itself, adequately address these challenges. The doctrine of problem-so lving, which is targeted at simple systemic causes, and analysed and solved at the level of the NPP, is also sterile in the face of higher-order social dysfunction.In addition, the SPF must report to meet the rising public expectations of its service standards, as well as its ability to enhance safety and security. A recent survey, commissioned by the Service Improvement Unit (SIU), revealed that one area where the SPF failed to provide high levels of satisfaction, but which was highly important to the public, was the ability of the police to help solve the problems that have been brought to the attention of the NPPs.In October 1997, the SPF made another significant and bold move to re-design the NPP system in a bid to strengthen its community policing approach, in light of the changing environment and factors. A system that can carry the strengths of the previous NPP system, like tapping on local knowledge to solve crimes, and at the same time can enable the SPF to grow and addre ss key policing needs, ensures its continued relevance.The Neighbourhood Policing Centres (NPCs) system has been created to enhance the community policing approach by Strengthening the SPFs front-line operating system Building a strong service organisation Increasing community involvement and responsibility for its own safety and security and Optimising the value contributed by each police officer to the policing process. IX. NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICE CENTRES A. Changes to NPP System In order to deliver decentralised, flexible, merged and community- focus capabilities, the existing structure of land divisions and NPPs will be modified.At the centre of the new operating system is the Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC). The existing septet police land division will be reconfigured into six policing regions. Reporting to each of these regional look out overs will be the NPCs. NPCs will be the sole vehicle for front line policing to ensure the communitys safety and security. In the red esigned system, NPCs will be accountable for the total outcome of policing in the community. A fiddling summary of the key differences between the NPP system and the NPC system is given in the below figure. 133 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 56NPP System Community policing post with limited services Disparity in workload due to electoral based boundaries General services to attract residents and establish points of contact humiliated value tasks and narrow job scope Compartmentalisation of services with many officers each performing a separate task Lower priority on proactive work Community-based policing NPC System One-stop total policing centre provding the full range of policing services More efficient pooling of manpower resources to serve the community Focused on services that are critical to safety and security High value, board job challenge, better quality officers Integrated service process with one NPC officer handling the entire service process Dedicated reso urces for proactive work Community-focused policing B. One-Stop Total Policing Centre Today, the areas policed by NPPs vary significantly. Some NPPs have jurisdiction over areas with 2,000 households, while other NPPs serve up to 5,000 households.NPCs will however serve areas of similar residential population sizes. On average, each NPC will serve about degree Celsius,000 residents. The size of each NPC is kept to between 100-120 officers, with administrative overheads, such as personnel and logistical support borne by the regional Command Headquarters. It also ensures that the NPCs are not so large as to present a cold and impersonal image to the public. A total of 32 NPCs will be created by the year 2001 to serve an indigenous population of 3. 2 million in Singapore. NPCs, as centres of total policing, have a variety of policing options, ranging from reactive patrols and investigations, to proactive policing activities.These 32 NPCs islandwide will be supplemented by at least an other 66 NPPs, with each NPC managing between 1 to 4 NPPs. With the creation of NPCs, the current 91 NPPs would be re-distributed to achieve a balance of easy accessibility to police counter services for the public and an optimal number of NPPs to be deployed in the NPC system. The emergence of the NPC as the sole vehicle for the provision of policing services means that NPPs cease to be sub-units of a larger police unit. The officers manning each NPP will come from the NPC itself. NPPs therefore even out service points only, with the deployment of patrol, investigative and pro-active policing resources based on the overall needs of the entire NPC area of operations.each of the six policing regions will have a dedicated Regional Command Headquarters to oversee police operations. Six Regional Commands will replace the existing seven police divisions. These Regional Commands will comprise the command and support particles for the region. They will also include specialist investigat ion units, focusing on investigations into serious crimes and other investigations likely to lead to prosecution in court. Each Regional Command will house a NPC to serve as the frontline service point for public interaction. 1 A DGP is a development mean that defines and builds a particular township. In the plan, each towns boundaries are clearly mapped out. 134 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS C.Relationship to Development Guide Plans (DGPs) Unlike the current NPP boundaries which are linked to political constituencies that may change afterwards a General Election, NPC boundaries are based on urban R e d e v e l o p m e n t A u t h o r i t y s ( U R A ) Development Guide Plan1 (DGP) areas for the following reasons (a) The DGP areas, being geographicallybased, provide additional leverage by creating a sense of territorial ownership for the community. This will enhance the communitys identity. (b) Each DGP area also has an expressed vision, which further reinforces a coherent identity for the communities living within that area. (c) DGP areas are permanent, unlike electoral boundaries.Over time, distinct identities can emerge for divers(prenominal) communities, without being interrupted by changes in constituency boundaries. Each NPC operates out of police facilities sited within its area of operation. Facilities for the NPCs could be co-located with other community agencies. A single edifice, representing all the community agencies for that area, will tity for the comm the sense of community identity and permanence. As NPCs or NPPs are the means through which the SPF engages in community-focused policing, they can easily blend into a building that encompasses community clubs, community libraries, and service points for other community agencies. Most NPCs would be sited at 0. 0heart of 0. 0residential area in photing geilities commonmay other 135 12TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS The shift to a community-f ocused model fundamentally alters the SPFs operating strategy. Successful policing will no longer be measured solely in terms of falling crime rates. As the focus shifts from the police to the community, what matters to the community, for example, its level of safety and security, will determine the success or otherwise of the police mission. Arising from this, it will no longer be appropriate for formulaic approaches to be applied uniformly across the different communities. Police units operating in different communities must develop customised solutions tailored to meet the needs of, and which take into account the constraints on, each community.The need for specific, custom-made and workable solutions will delineate the required levels of operational competence. These demands will fuel the need to develop, at the organisational level, learning competencies so that each customised solution enhances the quality of the future solutions. An operating strategy that is focused on the community also entails a skillful management of relationships between the police and the individuals, grassroots organisations and volunteer groups that form part of the community. Structurally, the SPF will be empowered and decentralised, so that at the front-line, police officers can broker for total solutions in response to community law and order concerns.Such an approach also has other benefits, in particular, by providing opportunities for individual participation in improving the quality of life in their community, so that emotional bonds to the community are strengthened. It therefore forms an inportant element in the overall Singapore 21 vision to build a civil society with strong community ties and active citizenry. It is also an integral part of the Governments strategy to gradually lower the communitys level of dependency on the authorities and to engender shared responsibility for social problems and their solutions. This is done through a new initiative known as the Co mmunity Safety and Security Programme (CSSP). A CSSP is an action programme together with drawn up by the grassroots leaders, residents and the police.It consists of the profile of the community and its needs, the key agencies involved and the action plans to tackle the community problems affecting the safety and security of the neighbourhood. by CSSPs, the NPC system aims to shift the communitys mindset from what the police are doing about safety and security to what we can do together. One CSSP is crafted for each precinct / constituency and each differs from another, since different communities in different neighbourhoods might not share the same concerns. The CSSP aims to get the residents more involved and be responsible in taking actions to address the safety and security concerns affecting their neighbourhoods.The driving belief is that each citizen can make a difference to society. G. Optimising the Contribution of Each Police Officer The SPF presently has a regular compo nent of nearly 8,000 officers and 1,000 civilian staff. With falling birth rates, the size of new cohorts joining the workforce grows smaller each year. As an organisation competing within a limited pool of labour resources, the SPF must be attractive and challenging to bring in the best talents. Whilst the SPF may face the challenge of attracting the best talent to join the organisation, it has to contend with retaining officers over the medium to long term. 137 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 6 SPF Commissioner, Khoo Boon Hui, during one of his dialogue sessions with NPC officers said That is why not only do we have to take care of those who are with us, but to get the best people to join us one of the main motivations of why we are going into the NPC system, is to bring our officers to match the expectations of the job, and to be proud of what we do. Through the NPC system, the SPF is able to redesign its front-line jobs so that it can continue to recruit quality manpower from e ach graduating cohort. At the same time, in line with the national policy of continuous upgrading, the SPF also needs to upgrade the qualifications of its officers after they have entered the service.Redesigning jobs to create viable and attractive front-line careers in the NPC system will serve to enhance the credibility of the SPF as an institution, and instill trust in the ability of the police to carry out their tasks effectively. The educational profile of police officers serving the community must be kept high to match the broad rise in educational qualification of the society. This will enable the SPF to meet new job demands, greater challenges and the expectations of the public. H. Organisational Structure In order to fulfil its role as being community-focused, and responsive and flexible to the needs of the community, police officers in the NPC operate in an empowered and self-directed fashion. They work as a team, rather than as individual officers.The basic unit in the NP C is a group of three front-line officers, led by one group leader. This group of four officers is selfdirected, and undertake the entire range of policing responsibilities of the NPC. Each group is also responsible for nurturing and building a network of community relationships within a precinct of about 1,200 1,500 households. As this group is deployed as an operational entity, it will facilitate the process of team learning, a key lever of change and innovation in the redesigned system. An average of 5-6 such groups form one team, which is led by a team leader and one assistant team leader. Each NPC have four teams, reporting to an NPC commander.Each NPC comprise, on average, 100 regular officers. With another 15 full-time national servicemen attached to the NPP, the total strength of the NPC will be about 115 officers. X. NPC IMPLEMENTATION PHASES As the NPC system is a major change for the entire the SPF. It involves major re-organisation. Many of these changes will take some time to implement. A phased implementation approach has been adopted buffer storage Phase Oct 1997 1st pilot Queenstown NPC created in Central West Region. Apr 1998 Another 3 NPCs, namely Bukit Timah NPC, Bukit Merah West NPC and Jurong East NPC were created in same region. Phase I Jun 1999 6 NPCs in West Region to be created. Phase II Jun 2000 4 NPCs to be created in North, North-Eastern and East Regions. 138 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS Phase III Jun 2001 SPF believes that its policing changes are set in the right direction. Our success will depend on our willingness to learn and change the way we operate. Our consignment and passion to learn collectively as a team, from the top police chief to the front-line officer, may turn out to be the most significant success factor in our journey into the new policing environment presented by the next millennium. 8 NPCs to be created in Central-Western Region. In Commissioner Khoos words, A pilot is not to t est whether the system will succeed or not.It is a pilot in the sense that we allow officers more leeway to improve the system, to share experiences, resolve operational problems and tell us what is wrong. XI. PRELIMINARY NPCS RESULTS A recent review of the pilot phase implementation has shown positive results and all the NPC objectives are largely met. A large majority of the officers felt that they had stronger working relationships with their team mates, between teams, supervisors and key officers. 74% of the officers were confident of their abilities in performing the various aspects of NPC duties (information technology systems, procedures and investigative duties). 81% of the officers rated the facilities in the NPC to be much better than their previous workplace (NPPs and Land Divisions).Compared to one year before the NPC was set up, one-third of the residents in the precincts felt that the safety in the neighbourhood now was much better. Two-thirds of the residents felt th at the police had at least made some improvements to increase security in the neighbourhood with the creation of NPCs. XII. CONCLUSION The community policing framework in Singapore has been shifted to uplift the professionalism in front-line jobs and getting the community more involved in safety and security matters. The re-design of the NPP system builds on the achievements the SPF has made over the past few years community policing, empowerment and quality service. The 139

Boucheron Luxury Brand’s Market Research

HISTORY The House of Boucheron is French family dynasty founded by Frederic Boucheron in 1858. Four generations of the Boucheron family helped the pit to become a worldwide leader in Haute-Couture Jewelry market, expanding the provoker to the four corners of the globe. Frederic Boucheron was the firstly jeweler to move to move Vendome which he did in 1983. story has it that he chose 26 Place Vendome, where Boucheron remains to our days, because it was sunniest corner of this squ ar. He believed that the baseball fields in the windows will sparkle all brilliantly. Czar Alexander III was a client, as was his son, the doomed Nicholas II.Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother was especially fond of Boucheron tiara which she inherited from Lady Greville, who originally purchased it from the House. Her grand son Prince Charles passed the tiara onto his wife Camille, Duchess of Cornwall as a wedding gift. Queen Elizabeth of England also has a collection of Boucheron jewels as d id Wallis Simpson the Duchess of Windsor. Ameri good deal royalty atomic number 18 also collectors of Boucheron creations. Household names like Astors, Vanderbilts and Rockefellers have returned over again and again to this jeweler for exceptional pieces of High Jewelry.Actors and artisits have also been fans of Boucheron since it opened its doors 150 years ago. Caroline otero, the temptress kn profess as La Belle Otero, when she was a cabaret dancer at the return of the 19th century was a Boucheron enthusiast as was the famed theater displaceress Sarah Bernhardt and the writers Oscar Wilde and Marcel Proust. Why film stars including Greta Garbo, Rita Hayworth, genus Penelope Cruz, Cameron Diaz, Kristin Scott Thomas, Rachel Weisz and Diane Kruger have all come under the Boucheron spell of spectacular creations. TIMELINE 858- Frederic Boucheron opens his first store in the Galerie de Valois at Palais Royal, during the heyday of the Second Empire. 1866- Boucheron creates its atelie r. 1867- Paris Universal delegate Frederic Boucheron wins his first Gold Medal only 9 years after opening his firs dress shop. 1878 Paris Universal Exhibition The Foliage necklace, a sapphire and diamond set with a central sapphire of 159 carats, created for Mrs. H. Mackay, wins the Grand Prize. 1883- The Russian Prince Felix Yousoupoff purchases a corsage decorated with 6 detachable diamond bows during one of his visits to Paris. 893- Frederic Boucheron moves to 26 Place Vendome in the residence of the Countess of Castiglione. He opens the largest boutique on the square. 1898- Boucheron opens a store in Moscow, after transferred to St. Petersburg in 1911. 1902- Frederic Boucheron dies, his son Louis cucceeds him. 1921- Boucheron is commissioned to make tiara for Lady Greville it was later given to Englands Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. 1928- Louis Boucheron is asked by the Maharajah of Patiala to Set the stones of his treasure, which are brought to the Place Vendome boutiqu e by the private guards of the Prince. 930- The Shah of Iran asks Louis Boucheron to assess the Imperial valuate of Persia and issues a decree naming him Official Curator and Guardian of the Treasure. 1959- Louis Boucheron dies, leaving his sons Fred and Gerard in charge of the business. Edith Piaf, the most popular French Singer of her time, purchases a Boucheron square up for the love of her life, Marcel Cerdan. 1962- Fred Boucheron retires, leaving his brother Gerard as head of the establishment. 1970- In the 1970s the best selling snake line was created. 1973- Boucherons first boutique opens in Japan. 980- Gerard Boucheron retires and Alain Boucheron becomes a president and General Director. 1988- Boucheron launches its first womens fragrance in a ring shaped bottle. 1994- Boucheron takes of a new development in the sector of fashion accessories The Boucheron Eyewear Collection. Boucheron sells to Schweizer anteroom. 2000- Gucci classify acquires the House of Boucheron. 2002- Boucheron launches the Beaute geois collection. 2003- Boucheron launches the Not Bourgeois collection 2004- Gucci Group is fully acquired by PPR. Jean-Chris communicatehe Bedois is appointed CEO.The Jaipur High Jewelry line and the Dechainee collections are launched. 2005- Launch of four new jewellery lines Trouble, Quatre, Diablotine, Vingt-Six. Boucheron opens its firs boutique in Shanghai and its first flagship in Dubai. The start of the Trouble Desir High Jewelry Collection. 2006- Boucheron and Alexander McQueen collaborates unneurotic to create a limited edition Novak bag that incorporates the snake motif of Boucherons Trouble line. Boucheron opens its first boutique in Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur. Launch of the Exquises Confinces line. 008- Boucheron marks its hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary with a yearlong celebration. CONCEPT AND UNIQUENESS The concept of Boucheron is to appeal to high-end customers who look for something unique in their jewelry. Through meeting design c ustomers standards about design, materials, equipment casualty and denounce Boucheron has created a market for opulence haute couture jewelry. Customers also appreciate the fact that all collections are manufactured in small quantities and that stones of the highest quality are utilise in admission to diamonds, also sapphires, amethysts, emeralds, coral, onyx, and jade. We wanted to develop innovative and creative way to introduce our rich heritage and approach to fine jewelry in way that enchants, amazes and amuses. We have a rich history that is beautifully brought alive. Jean Christophe-Bedos, President, Boucheron The Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC) has announced in 2011 that Boucheron has achieved certification by meeting the honourable, benignant rights, social and environmental standards as established by the RJCs Member Certification System. RJC warmly congratulates Boucheron on its certification.The successful verification assessment of Boucheron was conducted by Philippe Arnaud from KPMG France, one of the autarkical third-party auditing firms accredited to the RJCs Member Certification System Michael Rae, RJCs Chief Executive Officer. Since 1858, Boucheron has adhered to the highest standards not only in the spectacular designs of its creations but also in upholding its strong ethical code. The RJC certification corresponds to the Houses continued endeavor to embody excellence and responsible business practices both internally and externally a commitment we share across the PPR Group Pierre Bouissou, Boucherons CEOBUSINESS STRATEGY With the understanding that the conservative way was not an option, Boucheron plays on its long history of rousing the passions of sensual desire. This attitude has driven Boucherons design and gauzy craftsmanship and resulted in a heritage of enthusiastic stories and myths. Today it could motivate an entirely new approach to the market. The Houses individual legacy sharped a way to connect the new luxury c onsumer on a essentially more personal, more passionate and less superficial level.Boucheron has formed a mart approach that brings many industry innovations a new function that redefines how the HNWI can experience and enjoy luxury jewelry an exclusive retail concept that can voyage to the client rather than sit and wait for them and product idea that raises the craft of the brand to the peak levels of art and business When Boucheron has entered the US market the first element of the strategy was a Desir, a collaboration with the creators of Spiegelworld, that brings alive the rich history of Boucheron in an personal and inspirational 100 year old hall of mirrors.It was launched in New York in August 2008 and was set to benefit from a sellout three-month run at the South Seaport before opening two-year tour of duty of USs most significant Luxury markets. Set in a turn of the fin-de-siecle nightclub, Desir is meeting place for showgirls and soldiers, bejeweled courtesans and maha rajahs, a carnival world devote to the pursuit of beauty, clever subjections and breathtaking displays of acrobatic wonder. It is a sparkling merry-go-round where the last love affair is merely an entree to the next encounter.More than any show in New York I can think of, Desir, with its cavalcade of professional beauties, does inspire grandghts of a time when well-dressed admirers queued up at dressing-room doors bearing gifts of flowers and jewelry. As for me, Im thinking of approach path back with a bouquet of catnip for that charming, fluffy-haired Persian who stopped the show when it walked a tightrope. Ben Brantley, New York Times. Additionally to the show there was the Boutique Desir, a travelling boutique where, guests can find out Boucherons universe and its creations can touch, try and familiarize themselves with the pieces in a private ambiance.Clients were then invited to the exclusive ban Vendome, a VIP lounge where they could get pleasure from an memorable yeti ng under the stars. Boucheron chose to launch their products in the BRIC countries as well, which consists of some of the most emerging markets in the world today. Additionally, the Middle East and India are also two super important markets for Boucheron, partly due to the strong responsiveness for jewelry. The sales in these countries are larger than in the western countries and the luxury company is exploiting the new wealth of the generations with high luxury awareness and taste.MARKETING MIX Product Boucheron sells hand- do haute-couture luxury jewelry made from fine materials like gold, platinum, diamonds, emeralds and sapphires. Along with every(prenominal) purchase the buyer receives superior service and is entitled to service which assists users with exclusive services like delivery and customization. matchless of the Boucherons specialties is color. Clients easily can distinguishBoucherons line of jewelryby its designs. Its signature is visible in the form of motifs like floral, peacock feathers and snakes. Boucheron produces * Necklaces * Pendants Bracelets * Brooches * Cufflinks * Earrings * sound * Wedding Jewelry * Watches * Perfumes (18 editions) * Sunglasses Price Boucheron prices range Rings from 2. 000 eur up to 30. 000 eur Earrings from 4. 000 eur to 41. 800 eur Necklaces from 12. 000 eur to 1. 000. 000 eur Brooches from 5. 000eur to 10. 400 eur The prices vary with the different collections and the materials that are used in them. Place Boucheron jewelry is very selectively distributed. It is available at company-owned boutiques and flagship stores like London Jewelers, Goldsmiths, and Colette.They recent store was opened in Dohas West Bay conjunction in Middle East. In keeping with its global design concept, the space is decorated using its signature aubergine and gold colour palette and monied wooden decor. The Doha boutique domiciled Boucherons iconic most collections, along with a range of exquisite high jewelers creations. Boucher on locates its stores in luxury shopping districts, famous Golden Triangles of large metropolitan areas and opens relatively few stores.Today, Boucheron operates more than 50 boutiques and over 100 certified retailers worldwide in addition to an online sales website. The boutiques are, paint a picture and have a luxury experienceing. All sale locations can be found on www. boucheron. fr . Promotion Boucheron acquires much forwarding from sales to celebrities like * Chanel Iman * Diane Kruger * Natalia Vodianova * Kira Knightley * Julianne Moore * Raquel Zimmermann * Anne Hathaway * Mary-Kate Olsen * Natsha Poly * Lily Donaldson * Salma Hayek * And many others As well Boucheron has collaborated with Vertu.Boucheron launches diverse collections at different times and only makes a certain number of some jewels in order to keep a prestigious image and be a focus for HNWI. Boucheron has an own website for publicity which features product descriptions and prices. Mostly forwarding is running in Fashion Magazines like Vogue. POSITIONING Seeking to embody the opulence and grandeur of Parisienne life, Boucheron draws often upon iconic French women, each epitomizing a facet of the golden age, to act as muses in the creation of distinct sets of jewelry.Each woman has its own distinctive way of wearing jewelry, which is the privilege of a woman, but she can vary own excitement strategy. Blink of an eye, the center will become a decorative pattern of brooches, pendants into earrings, necklace, or a deduction into a multifaceted hairpin. Boucheron blends the art of seduction and a charm with a womans desire to wear jewelry. Boucheron has positioned itself as the top-of-the-line targeting HNWI. Boucheron achieving this by using only the finest materials to create their products which are all handcrafted ensuring that every product is of perfect quality.Boucheron will launch different collections each featuring different materials and designs which make the collections u nique and prestigious their most expensive line ever was a necklace Julia which cost 800,000eur and Boucheron snake necklace for Maison du Chocolat which costs 900. 000 eur. Boucheron collaborated with VERU luxury mobile phone maker, to extend their success and increase awareness in the luxury product world. Boucheron offers superior and personalise service to its clients, guaranteeing customer satisfaction and verity. They also position hemselves by showcasing the celebrities who own their products as an indication that their products are for the rich and famous. Boucheron has flagship stores all over the world in 50 countries however they open relatively few boutiques solely in luxury shopping districts of large cities and thus are considered selectively distributed. Boucheron boutiques are decadent, small, intimate venues which offer personalized service to clients wishing to make a purchase. Boucheron house very successfully preserves a prominent image with its ultra-luxurious products and superior service through its positioning.TARGET CONSUMER The Boucheron jewelry is a highly luxurious product, which doubtlessly is made to fit the extremely wealthy population of this world. The main customers are rich and found in the urban areas, who are constantly searching for the extraordinary products. Furthermore, their flagship stores are situated in the finest areas, in order to attract the highly rich international shoppers. CONSUMER-BASED clothe up EQUITY PYRAMID set Salience For Boucheron achieving right brand identity involves brand salience. Only richest people are aware of Boucheron because promotion is quite narrow.However their target consumer for sure can recall and recognize this brand. So conclusion here is that Brand salience is more depth than breadth. This basically means that even thou there are not yet many people knowing Boucheron, but those who do, they know all insights of it, can easily remember it and realize what this brand is about. B rand Performance The product itself is at the heart of brand equity, as it is the primary influence of what consumers experience with a brand, what they hear about the brand from others, and what the brand can tell customers about the brand in their communication.Brand Performance relates to the ways in which the product or service attempts to meet customers functional needs. This is on top level for Boucheron brand. It is crucial to contribute to customers desires, wants and needs. Boucheron brand highly represents all what their HNWI customers want to have for paying a high price. The product is highly durable it has distinctive logo, premium pricing and quality handcraft. All customer services provided for clients by Boucheron also attributes to brands performance. Brand ImageryAnother variable CBBE Pyramid is second example of brand meaning which involves brand imagery. Imagery deals with such a properties of a product, which meets customers psychological needs. It is more abou t what people think of it, how they see it. Boucheron imagery is extremely individualistic and stylish. When customer is buying Boucheron cell he/she buys a beauty of it. As of Boucheron customer has a strong judgment of a brand as high quality luxury product. Credibility is high and customer see Boucheron as superior, advantageous brand. Brand JudgmentsBrand judgments focus upon customers personal opinions and evaluation with regard to brand. This involves how consumer put together all from performance and imagery association to make kind of an evaluation. Boucheron clients evaluate this brand as a high quality luxury brand. Brand Feelings This variable shows emotional response with respect to Boucheron brand. It shows what feelings are evoked by the marketing strategy for the Boucheron and how does it affect feelings about themselves and relationships with others. Customer of Boucheron is for sure status-conscious person.Customers of Boucheron have a unique and warmth feeling abou t the brand. It can be exciting due to special relationship of beauty and handcraft in brands products. Customer feels it is trendy and relates to special status and therefore social approval. Customer feels high security within this brand due to all advantages provided. As Boucheron makes consumer feel better self-respect, pride, fulfillment and accomplishment also occurs. Brand Resonance Final variable of pyramid shows brand relationships with a customer based on Salience, Performance, Imagery, Judgments and Feelings.As for Boucheron even if general awareness is low the behavioral loyalty is very high, customer want to get back to this brand, consequently repeat purchase is possible. Brand loyalty is necessary but not sufficient for resonance to occur. Within Boucheron brand customer is not returning to this brand again due to, for example, scarce of substitutes. Boucheron attain their main goal- strong personal attachment to brand. SWOT ANALISYS FOR BOUCHERON STRENGTH * Masterpi ece of design and craftsmanship * Innovative brand Strong reputation (Products have established strong reputation in their field) * Global expansion (Includes significant growth over last 10 years) * Customer service * Control of flavor WEAKNESSES * exceedingly high production price (which leads to high product price) * Limited access as distribution is exclusive and limited * Not enough practical promotion and advertising OPPORTUNITIES * Emerging markets * Mix Boucheron styling with some big Fashion Brand like Gucci * Change of consumer lifestyle (growing demand from young and senior people) THREATS Increasing Quality of Competing Products and Number of those * Importance of counterfeiting COMPETITORS * GRAFF * VAN CLEEF ARPELS * PIAGET REFERENCES http//luxurysociety. com/articles/2012/01/the-latest-boutiques-burberry-bally-boucheron http//www. luxury-insider. com/luxury-news/2010/03/boucheron-jewellery-show-at-mandarin-oriental-hk http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boucheron http//w ww. verybest. com/cat/49/jewelry/235/2/ http//jewelhistory. com/2010/10/27/in-and-around-town/ http//www. mycompanion. cz/en/list/boucheron-paris-boutique

Hamlet and Particular Attention Essay

1. Think about Hamlets relationship with Ophelia. Does he love her? Does he stop loving her? Did he ever love her? What evidence can you find in the play to support your opinion?2. Consider Rosencrantz and Guildensterns role in the play. wherefore mightiness Shakespeare have created characters like this? Are they there for comic relief, or do they advert a more serious purpose? Why does the news of their deaths make it only after the deaths of the royal family in Act V, as if this news were not anticlimactic? Is it acceptable for Hamlet to treat them as he does? Why or why not?3. Analyze the use of descriptions and images in Hamlet. How does Shakespeare use descriptive language to enhance the visual possibilities of a stage production? How does he use imagery to create a mood of tension, suspense, fear, and despair?4. Analyze the use of comedy in Hamlet, paying particular attention to the gravediggers, Osric, and Polonius. Does comedy serve merely to relieve the tension of the tr agedy, or do the comic scenes serve a more serious thematic purpose as well?5. self-destruction is an important theme in Hamlet. Discuss how the play treats the idea of self-destruction morally, religiously, and aesthetically, with particular attention to Hamlets two important statements about suicide the O, that this too too solid flesh would melt soliloquy (I.ii.129158) and the To be, or not to be soliloquy (III.i.5688). Why does Hamlet believe that, although capable of suicide, to the highest degree human beings choose to live, despite the cruelty, pain, and injustice of the world?

Options for implementing a leadership change Essay

ingredient adept is a biotech confederation that has seen steady growing since entering the biotech industry in 1996. It was founded by the late Don Ruiz and four other directors.During the last eight years, Gene One has grown to become a $400 million dollar company. Gene One wants to continue this growth, and has decided to gain additional growth and funds by issuing an Initial existence Offering ( initial public offering). This is in order to remain competitive in the market, since it needs more capital for new development, advertisement, and marketing if it is to remain successful.In order for the IPO to be successful, Gene One needs a solid foundation to build upon. Gene One can take an in-depth look at see concepts such(prenominal) as effective police squadwork with cooperation, trust, and cohesiveness, sources of conflict in organizations, knowledge management, elements of organizational building, and assess the influence of organizational social organization on power and government (Scenario, 2006).Gene One is a growing company with many opportunities for further growth in the future. With this change, Gene One needs to revaluate all areas of the company and beget solutions to problems within the organization. The company has many opportunities for changes, which will enable them to reach the goals needed. The key project is to find the best solution that will enable Gene One to reach their goals, and become better than its competitors. It will need to review the solutions that they have come up with, and the additional alternative solutions that have not even been reviewed (Holmstrom, 1994). group analysisAfter the death of Don Ruiz, there is a big attractionship gap left in the management of Gene One. The aggroup is thusly incomplete without him, which is un plummy for effective management.Team construction is both challenging and rewarding. Effective teams achieve results far beyond what individuals could accomplish on their own. However , team building is much more than putting a group of people together and hoping for the best.Teambuilding is an art that overcomes differences in course, personality, and other potential areas of conflict, but even when a team functions in total harmony, it may not achieve its goals (Brickley, 1987).As Dons siblings, we have found ourselves having to take part in leading at Gene One. Each family member was assigned one member of the remaining four members of the executive. In order to assess the remaining teams likeliness of success, I gathered information about one team member and did an analysis on it. During my analysis, I found my subject to have the following desirable attributesHe can take charge, is assertive and can take control of a situation. He is outgoing, people-oriented and extroverted He is concerned with accuracy, details and exactness He is competitive, has a great desire to win and is aggressive He is easy going and casual, and takes things as they come He likes identifying and analyzing problems He is concerned with timely results and is rapidly to take action He is good team player who works head with others he is concerned with standards and high quality workAttributes not well representedDespite all the good attributes, I found my subject with a few negative attributes. They include he has a negative military posture regarding people and outcomes He is highly emotional and easily loses his temper He gets impatient with the subordinate staffRecommendationWith a few changes to the leadership structure of Gene One, I recommend my subject for a further role in management of Gene One. His attributes are impressive and can steer the company to great heights. However, he should help take the company through a transition to usher in a structure that separates ownership from management.Leadership styleGene One needs to develop a leadership style that involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process. However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is ordinarily used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything-this is why you employ knowledgeable and safe employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions (Tannenbaum & Schmidt, 1958).Leadership structureThe leadership structure at Gene One should change such that the titles of chief executive officer and chairman of the board are separate entities. This will help separate management from leadership. This is the best leadership structure for large corporations or others hoping to enter that league.Most large corporations are not managed by their owners or shareholders. Instead, they are managed by a leader-CEO or President- and a team of offi cers. The CEO or president is usually a professional trained in a particular field with the necessary experience. The CEO is accountable to the stockholders through their elected representative, the board of directors. Gene One should not have a dual CEO where the CEO functions simultaneously as the chair of the board. A non-dual CEO would be the best option for Gene One. Research has shown that CEO duality threatens Board independence, and can erode the essential oversight responsibilities of the Board (Daily and Dalton, 1994).Negative leadership should be avoided at all costs. Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such as loss of job, days off without pay, reprimand employees in front of others, etc. They believe their authority is increased by frightening everyone into higher jimmy of productivity. Yet what always happens when this approach is used wrongly is that morale falls which of course leads to lower productivity.

The First Contact in Apocalypse Now

The First Contact in apocalypse Now and heart of DarknessIn Apocalypse Now, Francis Ford Coppola obviously modifies and embellishes the characters, scenes and dialogue of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. However, with only minor modification Coppola powerfully represents Charlie Marlows first contact with Kurtz camp. Marlow is greeted by a completely unexpected young Russian adventurer who had constrain a part of Kurtzs family. Although Coppola has changed the Russian adventurer into an American photojournalist he has kept the characterizations and dialogue very close to Conrads original. In doing so, the impact, groundwork and nitty-gritty of the cinematic and textual versions of the same scene argon virtually agree. Nonetheless several elements missing from the screen version causes it to be less than helpful in understanding the text version.The young Russian was Charlie Marlows first sight when he reached Kurtz camp and he looked at him in astonishment. There he was origi nally me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering (p. 119). Although not English like Marlow, he made contiguous note of his commonality as a brother sailor (p. 116). Rather impetuously he requests some of Marlows excellent English tobacco spot pointing out your pilot-house wants a clean up (p. 115). Aware of Marlows potential peril at the hands of the natives, he advises him to keep the boats sing ready one good screech will do more for you than all your rifles (p. 115).The Russian took it upon himself, and appeared literally compelled to tell Marlow as much as doable of Kurtz and his relationship with him. He was clearly in awe of Kurtz and yet casually mentioned Kurtz had threatened to kill him. He described the great intellectual and emotional conversations they shared. He made no apologies for the obvious atrocities carried out under Kurtz com existenced human heads mounted on stakes. As an explanation he pleaded to Marlow you dont acknowledge how such a life tries a man like Kurtz (p. 124).He denied Kurtz was mad he protested you cant judge Mr. Kurtz as you would an ordinary man (p. 121). In spite of it allor perhaps because of it allthe Russian had nursed Kurtz through illnesses and tried to convince Kurtz to vanish the jungle. But Kurtz remained according to the Russian this man suffered too much. He hated all this, and somehow he couldnt get absent (p. 121). The Russian knew it was time to leave and perhaps time for Kurtz to leave as well, and Marlow gave him cartridges, tobacco and even shoes as he was leaving the camp. Upon leaving he exclaimed you ought to have heard him recite poetryhis own, toooh, he enlarged my mind (131).Coppola is very faithful to the original in his characterization of the American photojournalist who greets Willard on his arrival. The American, nameless as Conrads Russian, quickly establishes his co mmonality with Willard and the crew, rank out American Im an American civilian Similarly he quickly boards the boat, stating happily you got the cigarettes and exclaiming This boat is a mess, man Willard is stunned at his appearance, but just as grateful as Marlow when the American advises just zap em with your siren in reference to the hostile natives ring the boat.The American, like the Russian, is a disciple of Kurtz and takes it upon himself to tell Willard all he can about Kurtz and his relationship with him. Hes concerned Willard has come to take him away this great man who is a poet warrior in the classic sense. Like the Russian, the American has also been threatened with death by Kurtz but is loyal nonetheless. Willard, like Marlow, sees the grotesque heads on pikes and the American responds youre looking at the headssometimes he goes too far and fears youre gonna call him crazy.The two scenes are virtually parallel in theme and message. The appearance of both characters is completely unexpected and adds the suspense of what else can be expected in this other-worldly place? The unexpectedness is combined with the theme of being caught off-guard by the appearance of someone familiar in an unfamiliar environment. Is it safe or dangerous to trust this person?Additionally the characters provide Marlow/Willard with interpretations and disaffirmation of Kurtz, which is equally frightening when the profound effect of Kurtz upon the characters is revealed. It is a very effective way of giving substance to a man who has yet to be seen. The characters are very appropriate gatekeepers to the Heart of Darkness Marlow/Willard are about to enter. The message is the power Kurtz can exert on a fellow European/American and both reader and viewer are left to wonder what effect Kurtz will have on Marlow/Willard.Unfortunately Coppolas scene does little to assist in understanding the scene as written by Conrad for a very simple reason despite the dramatic jolt the Amer ican gives, he is an half(prenominal) if not throwaway character. Conrads Russian is a man of his own adventure who had nursed Kurtz and urged him to leave he clearly recognizes the time to move on, which helps format Kurtz and his influence on the Russian in perspective.Coppolas American, by contrast, has not been of any assistance to Kurtz nor urged him to leave, and is not heard from after bringing Willard into the camp. The Russian has survived and thrown off the influence of Kurtz whether the American survives is left to the imagination. Despite this, Coppola has provided the viewer a powerful visual representation of the entry into the Heart of Darkness.ReferencesConrad, Joseph. (2003). Heart of Darkness. New York Barnes & Noble.Coppola, Francis F. Apocalypse Now. 1979. Zoetrope Studios.

John Donne Essay

The literary heritages of keister Donne are famous for their style that distinguishes them from poems of his age, particularly his attachment to sensuality and reality. He is in fact considered to be a metaphysical poet, and recognized to be ahead of his contemporaries. One of his most notable collections are the Holy Sonnets, which is a reflection of his a primarily religious life. (Stubbs, 2006) The innovative use of language and metaphors are what distinguishes the works of John Donne he has produced a wide collection of poems, satires, sonnets, translations, and new(prenominal) literary works.The life and struggles of John Donne reflects the rich and meaningful body of literature that he has produced. He was born to a rich family, yet poverty was vernacular for him, as he went to a period of persecution during his process of transfer of devotion to the Anglican Church. He eventually became an Anglican priest, which is said to have considerably forge the writings in the latte r years of his life, when he wrote poems and sermons.(Bald, 1970) He became known for a style, which would be known as metaphysical, and often, his work is dubbed as metaphysical conceit, as he cleverly unifies two vastly dissimilar ideas. The most common subjects of his literature are death, love and religion he employs the use of irony, witty-ness, and cynicism. (Stubbs, 2006) This metaphysical flesh of literature would refer to the passion for life and pleasures, yet much regard for the emotional dimension.John Donne marked the evolution to a more(prenominal) personal meter from the classical forms before his time. The early poetry of Donne is mainly criticisms of the problems of the English society during that time, as Britain was plagued by corruption and pretensions of its citizenry and nobility. He used colorful imaginativeness to create satires of this reality of his time, but eventually, he moved on to the topic of religion, which shows that Donne lived a religious life, as he converts from Catholicism to being a addicted Anglican.Donne also produced substantial amount of love poetry, which is said to be addressed to his wife, who died after giving birth to their twelfth child. The poems written at the later correspond of the life of John Donne has a more pious and somber tone to them. His poems began to take on a gloomy tone, as he writes about more serious things for instance, his poem in memory of Elizabeth Drury, symbolizes destruction and the fall of man. (Greenblatt, 2006) Increasingly, he moved towards more religious topics, which exhibited this gloomy nature.The motivation for this shift to religious poems and sermons is his regeneration to the Anglican Church, which marked a step to maturity and change in his writing style. These sermons and poems would later on influence English poets and prox literature. Towards the conclusion of his plentiful and dynamic life, the focus of Donnes work shifted to death, as he nears his own death. Hi s works explores this topic, and how humans fear this inevitable occurrence, and the eventual accent to heaven undermentioned ones death.He delivered the sermon Deaths Duel from his deathbed, which shows suffering and pain, yet also salvation and hope. (Bald, 1970) He died in 1631. The literature of John Donne is impressive indeed, and each piece of literature reflects his life and the society that is revolving around him. His work is wide-ranging, from love to death to religion each shows passion, emotion, and reality. The metaphysical nature of his poems influences the future of English literature, as he cleverly used metaphors, imagery, and language.ReferencesBald, RC. (1970). John Donne A Life. United States Oxford University Press. Donne, John. (2006). John Donnes Poetry. Donald Dickson, Ed. United States W. W. Norton and Company. Greenblatt, Stephen. (2006). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. United Kingdom W. W. Norton and Company. Stubbs, John. (2006). Donne The re form Soul. United States Viking Books. Targoff, Ramie. (2008). John Donne, Body and Soul. United States University of Chicago Press.

Examples of Evaluation Method

Preference valuation Example A. Direct-Objective Evaluation Direct- quarry evaluation can be in the sorting of test emergence which connected the object with the objective of the test directly with the test result Examples 1. Evaluate the student learning objectives by collecting information on student performance on tests.If the objective is to make students able to master a particular skill, and that skill is tested in a few questions on an overall exam, the instructor can evaluate attainment of the skill by face at just those relevant questions on the exam which will give direct measure betwixt the test result and particular skill they have. 2. Evaluate aircraft engine performance after shop visit. The objective is to get optimum airflow through the engine. The object is the clearance between the blades and the shrouds. Method * measure the distance of all blades * measure the diameter of the shrouds * measure clearance between blades and shrouds check on the manual deem about the clearance limitations * make adjustment to get optimum clearance refer to manual This order will directly effect on the engine performance by resulting an optimum airflow through the engine which will maintain the engine bypass ratio on its optimum level. B. Ordinal Evaluation Ordinal evaluation allows us to sort the rank of the object that we measure. The limits of the values are not clear, so that can be compared only if the value is higher, the same or lower than the others but we cant say how much different interval between the values. Examples 1. The T-shirt size S Small M MediumL Large 2. The scale of frequency 1- Always 2- Often 3- Rarely 4- Occasional 5- Never C. Pair reinvigorated Comparison Pair keen-sighted(p) comparison generally refers to any process of comparing entities in pairs to approximate which of all(prenominal) entity is preferred, or has a greater amount of some quantitative property. The method of pair wise comparison is used in the sci entific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice, public choice, and multi agent AI systems. (Wikipedia) Example Choosing to buy a motorcycle with criteria as follows * Price * Economical * Design Weight for each criteria * Price three times to a greater extent important than rule Price is two times more important than economical * Economical one-half times more important than design Pair wise comparison matrix Criteria Price Economical Design Priority Vector Price 1 2 3 0. 5455 Economical 0. 5 1 1. 5 0,2727 Design 0. 333 0. 667 1 0,1818 Total 1. 833 3,667 5. 5 1 Based on weight of each criteria, price is the most important, economical is the second important and design is the least important. D. Nominal Evaluation Nominal evaluation classified the criteria but with no relative meaning. severally criteria not represented which one is better or bigger, only categorized it ased on identification and concomitant of the object. Examples 1. Number of DKI Jak arta citizen based on religion (2005) Religion Islam, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddha Province Islam Christian Catholic Hindu Buddha Total DKI Jakarta 7,157,182 501,168 336,514 28,508 313,217 8,336,589 2. Evaluate the number of people based on marriage status 1 Married 2 Single 3. Blood type classification A, B , O or AB 4. Ethnic group classification Javanese, Sundanese, or Betawi 5. Classification of part based on color red, blue, yellow, green, etc